Abstract
Orthopedic issues affect millions of people due to factors such as aging, diseases like osteoporosis, and accidental injuries. The materials commonly used for interbody fusion cages can be categorized into metallic and non-metallic types. The most frequently used interbody cages are made from non-absorbent materials, such as titanium (Ti) and poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK). However, titan…