Characterization of flour and isolated starch from seeds of jackfruit and rheological behavior of starch dispersions

Author(s)

Carla Giovana Luciano

• Document type: Master's Dissertation
• Press: Pirassununga.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Zootecnica e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZE/BT)
• Defense date: 2016-02-18

Examining board members

Izabel Cristina Freitas Moraes; Pedro Esteves Duarte Augusto; Célia Maria Landi Franco; Paulo Jose do Amaral Sobral

• Advisor: Izabel Cristina Freitas Moraes

Abstract

Starch is an ingredient with great versatility of application, and the seeds of jackfruit, a well spread fruit but little exploited in Brazil, contain a considerable amount of starch, being a source of iron and proteins. Thus, the aimes of this project were to obtain the jackfruit seed flour of hard and soft varieties, extraction of starch using different solvents and characterization of its physicochemical, structural and functional properties, as the rheological characterization of dispersion/gels starch under steady and oscillatory shear. Alkaline extraction of starch significantly reduced the content of lipids and proteins, leaving to a purest starch, and promoted an increase in amylose content, besides, directly influenced the swelling and solubility characteristics, which showed a significant increase from the temperature of 70 ° C. The increase in temperature caused an increase in the power of swelling and solubility, which was more pronounced for the hard variety, but these values are still considered low (<17%). Jackfruit seeds starch granules showed smooth, rounded, bell-shaped, and they had more truncated form when starch was extracted with sodium hydroxide. The average diameter of the starch granules was lower for alkaline extraction, but always with monomodal behavior. It was observed diffraction pattern of X-rays of type A for all samples, and the crystallinity index was higher for the starches of hard jackfruit seeds with an estimated reduction of 70% to starches obtained by alkaline extraction. The gelatinization temperature of starches jackfruit seed was considered high (70-100 °C). The hard jackfruit seed starches obtained in the aqueous extraction had higher peak viscosities and Breakdown, what means lower mechanical strength. Extraction with 0.1 M NaOH solution increased the retrogradation of ~ 36% (aqueous extraction) to 64% and 45% of jackfruit seed starch varieties of soft and hard, respectively. All samples exhibited pseudoplastic behavior (n <1) at the concentrations and temperatures studied, and starch dispersions and /or gels obtained by alkaline extraction with NaOH showed lower thixotropy and higher viscosities. Power Law and Herschel Bulkley models showed great adjustments to the experimental points (R² ~ 0.998) for samples with 2 and 6% starch, respectively, but for the concentration of 5%, the best model was a function of the fruit variety used on starch extraction. The dependence of the rheological properties with temperature was examined by the Arrhenius equation and activation energy was low (15-25 kJ / mol). In concern to the viscoelastic behavior, samples of 5 and 6% of starch showed a behavior of weak gel and the increase in concentration of this polysaccharide produced an increase in the elasticity of the material. The storage modulus (G \') associated with the elasticity of the starch gel increased during its cooling in the temperature sweep tests, which may be related to the recrystallization of amylose during this process and remained practically constant in the isothermal heating at 80 °C, suggesting good thermal stability of the gel. The isolated jackfruit seed flour may be considered source of fiber and showed high levels of proteins (~ 14-16%) and iron (~ 85-150 mg / kg). Particle size distribution of the flour showed bimodal behavior with rounded beads, fibers and the presence of a protein matrix surrounding the starch granules. Pasting properties revealed higher peak viscosity for the soft jackfruit seeds flour. The characteristics found suggest that jackfruit seed starch could be applied in the production of biodegradable films, and jackfruit seed flour could be used in partial replacement of conventional flour in the manufacture of cakes and cookies. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 13/19194-0 - Characterization of flour and isolated starch from seeds of jackfruit and rheological behavior of starch dispersions
• Grantee: Carla Giovana Luciano
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Master