Abstract
The Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP), a megacity located in southeastern Brazil with a population about 20 million inhabitants in an area of 8,511 km2, is one of the largest megacities in the world, containing the city of São Paulo and 38 more cities. In the MASP, there are approximately 6.7 million passenger and commercial vehicles being 85% light-duty vehicles (LDVs), 3% heavy-duty…