Abstract
The increasing release and detection of parabens in aquatic ecosystems, due to their widespread use in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and processed foods, has raised concerns about the effects of these compounds on the reproduction of aquatic organisms. Methylparaben (MeP), propylparaben (PrP), and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HB) are classified as emerging contaminants and possess lipophilic pr…