Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is the third most available chemical element in the Earth's crust. In acidic soils (pH < 5.5) its phytotoxic form (Al3+) is found. The first and most conspicuous phytotoxic symptom is the growth inhibition of the roots, where Al covalently binds to the cell wall. Al also reduces leaf gas exchange rates, decreasing stomatal conductance (gs). Although the reduction in gas exch…