Abstract
The head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is the fifth most common type of cancer and the sixth cause of cancer death. Recent studies emphasize oral SCC (OSCC) as a distinct entity of oropharyngeal SCC (OPSCC), with the latter showing a better prognosis and closely associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. The etiology of HNSCC is multifactorial; however, the OSCC is r…