Effects of habitat suitability for vectors, environmental factors and host characteristics on the spatial distribution of the diversity and prevalence of haemosporidians in waterbirds from three Brazilian wetlands

Author(s)

Chahad-Ehlers, Samira ^[1] ; Fushita, Angela Terumi ^[2] ; Lacorte, Gustavo Augusto ^[3] ; Pereira de Assis, Pamela Carla ^[1] ; Del Lama, Silvia Nassif ^[1]

Affiliation

^[1] Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Genet & Evolucao, Rodovia Washington Luis, Km 235 SP-310, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP - Brazil

^[2] Univ Fed ABC, Ctr Engn Modelagem & Ciencias Aplicadas, Ave Estados 5001, BR-09210580 Sao Paulo - Brazil

^[3] Inst Fed Minas Gerais, Lab Biol Mol, Rodovia Bambui Medeiros, Km 5, BR-38900000 Bambui, MG - Brazil

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: PARASITES & VECTORS; v. 11, MAY 2 2018.
• Web of Science Citations: 2

Abstract

Background: Wetlands are ecosystems in which vectors of avian haemosporidians live and reproduce and where waterbirds join to breed in colonies. Brazil has wetlands at different latitudes, which enables testing the influence of the ecological factors on the prevalence and diversity of haemosporidians. We identified avian haemosporidians in waterbird species in three wetlands and investigated the effects of vector habitat suitability, landscape and host characteristics on the diversity and prevalence of these parasites. Methods: We created a map with the probability of occurrence of avian haemosporidian vectors using maximum-entropy modelling based on references addressing species known to be vectors of haemosporidians in birds in Brazil. We determined the prevalence and diversity index of haemosporidians in the great egret (Ardea alba) (n = 129) and roseate spoonbill (Platalea ajaja) (n = 180) and compared the findings to data for the wood stork (Mycteria americana) (n = 199). Results: We report the first record of Plasmodium in the family Threskiornithidae: four lineages in the roseate spoonbill, which also presented one lineage of Haemoproteus. In the family Ardeidae, we found three Plasmodium lineages in the great egret. The similar habitat suitability for vectors found in three wetlands explains the pattern of haemosporidian diversity determined for great egret and wood stork populations. Comparisons of haemosporidian diversity within each waterbird species and between regions showed a higher level in the central-western roseate spoonbill population than in the northern population (P = 0.021). Removing the host effect, we discussed the results obtained in terms of characteristics of the Pantanal region. Comparisons of Plasmodium spp. prevalence among waterbird species within the same wetland showed higher level in roseate spoonbill (74%) than those found in the great egret (21%) and wood stork (11%). Excluding the environmental effect, we interpreted result focusing host characteristics that favour infection: time required for nestlings to be covered by feathers and migratory behaviour. Conclusions: The map of habitat suitability showed that wetlands located in a 30 degrees latitudinal range offer similar conditions for avian vectors species and diversity of haemosporidians. The lineages described in waterbirds were previously identified in birds of prey as Plasmodium paranucleophilum. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 16/01673-7 - Microsatellites and SNPs identification in Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis, Ardeidae, Aves) and its application in familial and population studies
• Grantee: Silvia Nassif Del Lama
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants
• FAPESP's process: 10/50406-5 - Colonization of the American Continent by African populations of cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) and its parasites (Plasmodium and Haemoproteus): genetics revealing the bioinvasion process
• Grantee: Silvia Nassif Del Lama
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants