Study of controlled migration of cadmium and lead into foods from plastic utensils for children

Author(s)

Pereira, Elizeu Chiodi ; Leroux, Isabelle Nogueira ; Luz, Maciel Santos ; Batista, Bruno Lemos ; Kaneshiro Olympio, Kelly Polido

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: Environmental Science and Pollution Research; v. N/A, p. 11-pg., 2022-03-11.

Abstract

Lead (Pb) is a highly neurotoxic chemical element known for reducing intelligence quotient (IQ) and promoting antisocial behavior in children and adolescents, while cadmium (Cd) is a carcinogenic bioaccumulative element. Both these metals are included in the priority pollutant list of the United States Environmental Protection Agency and in the WHO List of Chemicals of Major Public Health Concern, where contaminated foods and beverages are the most common pathways of exposure. The objective of this study was to determine total Cd and Pb levels in colored plastic utensils (cups, mugs, bowls, feeding bottles, and plates) for use by children and to measure the specific migration of these elements into beverages and foods. Total contaminant levels were determined using a handheld X-ray fluorescence analyzer. Specific migration tests were conducted using the simulant solutions acetic acid 3% (m/v) and water. Migration levels were determined by ICP-MS. Specific migration tests for Pb were also performed on commercially available samples (cola soft drink, orange juice, vinegar, and milk), with levels determined by graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). A total of 674 utensils were analyzed in loco at major commercial centers in Greater Sao Paulo, of which 87 were purchased for containing Cd and Pb concentrations above permitted limits. Mean concentrations of the metals detected in the purchased utensils were 1110 ppm for Pb and 338 ppm for Cd. For specific migration assays, Pb levels were 187, 13, and 380 times above the permitted limit (0.01 mg.kg -1) for acetic acid, water, and orange juice, respectively. Cd levels were 50 and 2.4 times above the maximum permitted limit (0.005 mg.kg -1) for acetic acid and water, respectively. The districts where the utensils were purchased were grouped according to their social vulnerability index and compared using ANOVA. Pb levels were different between low and medium/high social vulnerability groups (p = 0.006). The findings corroborate the initial hypothesis that these utensils constitute a major source of exposure to PTEs such as Cd and Pb, pointing to the need for stricter regulation and inspection by the Brazilian regulatory agencies. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 16/11087-8 - From exposome up to Regulatory Toxicology: a thematic study on potentially toxic elements (PTEs) exposure of families inserted in informal productive arrangement in the jewelry and fashion jewelry chain from Limeira, SP
• Grantee: Kelly Polido Kaneshiro Olympio
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants
• FAPESP's process: 14/20945-2 - Lead exposure in household and school settings: influence of diet in the blood lead levels
• Grantee: Isabelle Nogueira Leroux
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Scientific Initiation
• FAPESP's process: 17/14392-9 - Living and working conditions of youths inserted in the informal and household productive arrangement of jewelry and fashion jewelry from the exposome perspective
• Grantee: Elizeu Chiodi Pereira
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Scientific Initiation
• FAPESP's process: 16/10060-9 - Multi-user equipment (MUE) approved in Grant FAPESP project 2014/05151-0: inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer hyphenated to an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-ICP-MS)
• Grantee: Bruno Lemos Batista
• Support Opportunities: Multi-user Equipment Program