Origin of the ring ellipticity in the black hole images of M87*

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Dahale, Rohan ; Cho, Ilje ; Moriyama, Kotaro ; Wiik, Kaj ; Tiede, Paul ; Gomez, Jose L. ; Chan, Chi-kwan ; Gold, Roman ; Bernshteyn, Vadim Y. ; Foschi, Marianna ; Jeter, Britton ; Pu, Hung-Yi ; Georgiev, Boris ; Joshi, Abhishek V. ; Cruz-Osorio, Alejandro ; Natarajan, Iniyan ; Broderick, Avery E. ; Salas, Leon D. S. ; Chatterjee, Koushik ; Akiyama, Kazunori ; Albentosa-Ruiz, Ezequiel ; Alberdi, Antxon ; Alef, Walter ; Algaba, Juan Carlos ; Anantua, Richard ; Asada, Keiichi ; Azulay, Rebecca ; Bach, Uwe ; Baczko, Anne-Kathrin ; Ball, David ; Balokovic, Mislav ; Bandyopadhyay, Bidisha ; Barrett, John ; Bauboeck, Michi ; Benson, Bradford A. ; Bintley, Dan ; Blackburn, Lindy ; Blundell, Raymond ; Bouman, Katherine L. ; Bower, Geoffrey C. ; Bremer, Michael ; Brissenden, Roger ; Britzen, Silke ; Broguiere, Dominique ; Bronzwaer, Thomas ; Bustamante, Sandra ; Carlos, Douglas Ferreira ; Carlstrom, John E. ; Chael, Andrew ; Chang, Dominic O. ; Chatterjee, Shami ; Chen, Ming-Tang ; Chen, Yongjun ; Cheng, Xiaopeng ; Christian, Pierre ; Conroy, Nicholas S. ; Conway, John E. ; Crawford, Thomas M. ; Crew, Geoffrey B. ; Cui, Yuzhu ; Curd, Brandon ; Davelaar, Jordy ; De Laurentis, Mariafelicia ; Deane, Roger ; Dempsey, Jessica ; Desvignes, Gregory ; Dexter, Jason ; Dhruv, Vedant ; Dihingia, Indu K. ; Doeleman, Sheperd S. ; Dzib, Sergio A. ; Eatough, Ralph P. ; Emami, Razieh ; Falcke, Heino ; Farah, Joseph ; Fish, Vincent L. ; Fomalont, Edward ; Ford, H. Alyson ; Fraga-Encinas, Raquel ; Freeman, William T. ; Friberg, Per ; Fromm, Christian M. ; Fuentes, Antonio ; Galison, Peter ; Gammie, Charles F. ; Garcia, Roberto ; Gentaz, Olivier ; Geertsema, Gertie ; Goddi, Ciriaco ; Gomez-Ruiz, Arturo I. ; Gu, Minfeng ; Gurwell, Mark ; Hada, Kazuhiro ; Haggard, Daryl ; Hesper, Ronald ; Heumann, Dirk ; Ho, Luis C. ; Ho, Paul ; Honma, Mareki ; Huang, Chih-Wei L. ; Huang, Lei ; Hughes, David H. ; Ikeda, Shiro ; Impellizzeri, C. M. Violette ; Inoue, Makoto ; Issaoun, Sara ; James, David J. ; Jannuzi, Buell T. ; Janssen, Michael ; Jiang, Wu ; Jimenez-Rosales, Alejandra ; Johnson, Michael D. ; Jorstad, Svetlana ; Jones, Adam C. ; Jung, Taehyun ; Karuppusamy, Ramesh ; Kawashima, Tomohisa ; Keating, Garrett K. ; Kettenis, Mark ; Kim, Dong-Jin ; Kim, Jae-Young ; Kim, Jongsoo ; Kim, Junhan ; Kino, Motoki ; Koay, Jun Yi ; Kocherlakota, Prashant ; Kofuji, Yutaro ; Koch, Patrick M. ; Koyama, Shoko ; Kramer, Carsten ; Kramer, Joana A. ; Kramer, Michael ; Krichbaum, Thomas P. ; Kuo, Cheng-Yu ; La Bella, Noemi ; Lee, Sang-Sung ; Levis, Aviad ; Li, Zhiyuan ; Lico, Rocco ; Lindahl, Greg ; Lindqvist, Michael ; Lisakov, Mikhail ; Liu, Jun ; Liu, Kuo ; Liuzzo, Elisabetta ; Lo, Wen-Ping ; Lobanov, Andrei P. ; Loinard, Laurent ; Lonsdale, Colin J. ; Lowitz, Amy E. ; Lu, Ru-Sen ; MacDonald, Nicholas R. ; Mao, Jirong ; Marchili, Nicola ; Markoff, Sera ; Marrone, Daniel P. ; Marscher, Alan P. ; Marti-Vidal, Ivan ; Matsushita, Satoki ; Matthews, Lynn D. ; Medeiros, Lia ; Menten, Karl M. ; Mizuno, Izumi ; Mizuno, Yosuke ; Montgomery, Joshua ; Moran, James M. ; Moscibrodzka, Monika ; Mulaudzi, Wanga ; Mueller, Cornelia ; Mueller, Hendrik ; Mus, Alejandro ; Musoke, Gibwa ; Myserlis, Ioannis ; Nagai, Hiroshi ; Nagar, Neil M. ; Nair, Dhanya G. ; Nakamura, Masanori ; Narayanan, Gopal ; Nathanail, Antonios ; Fuentes, Santiago Navarro ; Neilsen, Joey ; Ni, Chunchong ; Nowak, Michael A. ; Oh, Junghwan ; Okino, Hiroki ; Olivares Sanchez, Hector Raul ; Oyama, Tomoaki ; Ozel, Feryal ; Palumbo, Daniel C. M. ; Paraschos, Georgios Filippos ; Park, Jongho ; Parsons, Harriet ; Patel, Nimesh ; Pen, Ue-Li ; Pesce, Dominic W. ; Pietu, Vincent ; PopStefanija, Aleksandar ; Porth, Oliver ; Prather, Ben ; Principe, Giacomo ; Psaltis, Dimitrios ; Ramakrishnan, Venkatessh ; Rao, Ramprasad ; Rawlings, Mark G. ; Rezzolla, Luciano ; Ricarte, Angelo ; Ripperda, Bart ; Roder, Jan ; Roelofs, Freek ; Romero-Canizales, Cristina ; Ros, Eduardo ; Roshanineshat, Arash ; Rottmann, Helge ; Roy, Alan L. ; Ruiz, Ignacio ; Ruszczyk, Chet ; Rygl, Kazi L. J. ; Sanchez, Salvador ; Sanchez-Argueelles, David ; Sanchez-Portal, Miguel ; Sasada, Mahito ; Satapathy, Kaushik ; Saurabh ; Savolainen, Tuomas ; Peter Schloerb, F. ; Schonfeld, Jonathan ; Schuster, Karl-Friedrich ; Shao, Lijing ; Shen, Zhiqiang ; Silpa, Sasikumar ; Small, Des ; Sohn, Bong Won ; SooHoo, Jason ; Souccar, Kamal ; Stanway, Joshua S. ; Sun, He ; Tazaki, Fumie ; Tetarenko, Alexandra J. ; Tilanus, Remo P. J. ; Titus, Michael ; Toma, Kenji ; Torne, Pablo ; Toscano, Teresa ; Traianou, Efthalia ; Trent, Tyler ; Trippe, Sascha ; Turk, Matthew ; van Bemmel, Ilse ; van Langevelde, Huib Jan ; van Rossum, Daniel R. ; Vos, Jesse ; Wagner, Jan ; Ward-Thompson, Derek ; Wardle, John ; Washington, Jasmin E. ; Weintroub, Jonathan ; Wharton, Robert ; Wielgus, Maciek ; Witzel, Gunther ; Wondrak, Michael F. ; Wong, George N. ; Wu, Qingwen ; Yadlapalli, Nitika ; Yamaguchi, Paul ; Yfantis, Aristomenis ; Yoon, Doosoo ; Young, Andre ; Younsi, Ziri ; Yu, Wei ; Yuan, Feng ; Yuan, Ye-Fei ; Zeng, Ai-Ling ; Zensus, J. Anton ; Zhang, Shuo ; Zhao, Guang-Yao ; Zhao, Shan-Shan

• Tipo de documento: Artigo Científico
• Fonte: Astronomy & Astrophysics; v. 699, p. 18-pg., 2025-07-10.

Resumo

We investigate the origin of the elliptical ring structure observed in the images of the supermassive black hole M87*, aiming to disentangle contributions from gravitational, astrophysical, and imaging effects. Leveraging the enhanced capabilities of the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT)'s 2018 array, including improved (u,v)-coverage from the Greenland Telescope, we measured the ring's ellipticity using five independent imaging methods, obtaining a consistent average value of tau = 0.08(-0.02)(+0.03) with a position angle of xi = 50.1(-7.6)(+6.2) degrees. To interpret this measurement, we compared it to general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations spanning a wide range of physical parameters including the thermal or nonthermal electron distribution function, spins, and ion-to-electron temperature ratios in both low- and high-density regions. We find no statistically significant correlation between spin and ellipticity in GRMHD images. Instead, we identify a correlation between ellipticity and the fraction of non-ring emission, particularly in nonthermal models and models with higher jet emission. These results indicate that the ellipticity measured from the M87* emission structure is consistent with that expected from simulations of turbulent accretion flows around black holes, where it is dominated by astrophysical effects rather than gravitational ones. Future high-resolution imaging, including space very long baseline interferometry and long-term monitoring, will be essential to isolate gravitational signatures from astrophysical effects. (AU)

• Processo FAPESP: 21/01183-8 - Estudo de jatos astrofísicos em alta resolução por meio de interferometria
• Beneficiário: Ciriaco Goddi
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Jovens Pesquisadores