Imaging the initial condition of heavy-ion collisions and nuclear structure across the nuclide chart

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Jia, Jiangyong ; Giacalone, Giuliano ; Bally, Benjamin ; Brandenburg, James Daniel ; Heinz, Ulrich ; Huang, Shengli ; Lee, Dean ; Lee, Yen-Jie ; Loizides, Constantin ; Li, Wei ; Luzum, Matthew ; Nijs, Govert ; Noronha-Hostler, Jacquelyn ; Ploskon, Mateusz ; van der Schee, Wilke ; Schenke, Bjoern ; Shen, Chun ; Soma, Vittorio ; Timmins, Anthony ; Xu, Zhangbu ; Zhou, You

• Tipo de documento: Artigo Científico
• Fonte: NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES; v. 35, n. 12, p. 17-pg., 2024-12-01.

Resumo

High-energy nuclear collisions encompass three key stages: the structure of the colliding nuclei, informed by low-energy nuclear physics, the initial condition, leading to the formation of quark-gluon plasma (QGP), and the hydrodynamic expansion and hadronization of the QGP, leading to final-state hadron distributions that are observed experimentally. Recent advances in both experimental and theoretical methods have ushered in a precision era of heavy-ion collisions, enabling an increasingly accurate understanding of these stages. However, most approaches involve simultaneously determining both QGP properties and initial conditions from a single collision system, creating complexity due to the coupled contributions of these stages to the final-state observables. To avoid this, we propose leveraging established knowledge of low-energy nuclear structures and hydrodynamic observables to independently constrain the QGP's initial condition. By conducting comparative studies of collisions involving isobar-like nuclei-species with similar mass numbers but different ground-state geometries-we can disentangle the initial condition's impacts from the QGP properties. This approach not only refines our understanding of the initial stages of the collisions but also turns high-energy nuclear experiments into a precision tool for imaging nuclear structures, offering insights that complement traditional low-energy approaches. Opportunities for carrying out such comparative experiments at the Large Hadron Collider and other facilities could significantly advance both high-energy and low-energy nuclear physics. Additionally, this approach has implications for the future electron-ion collider. While the possibilities are extensive, we focus on selected proposals that could benefit both the high-energy and low-energy nuclear physics communities. Originally prepared as input for the long-range plan of U.S. nuclear physics, this white paper reflects the status as of September 2022, with a brief update on developments since then. (AU)

• Processo FAPESP: 21/08465-9 - Dinâmica inicial de colisões nucleares ultrarelativísticas do momento transversal final
• Beneficiário: Matthew William Luzum
• Modalidade de apoio: Bolsas no Exterior - Pesquisa
• Processo FAPESP: 17/05685-2 - Física hadrônica em colisões nucleares de altas energias
• Beneficiário: Jun Takahashi
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Projetos Especiais
• Processo FAPESP: 18/24720-6 - Exploração do diagrama de fase da QCD
• Beneficiário: Frédérique Marie Brigitte Sylvie Grassi
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Temático