Screening of Chemical Libraries for New Antifungal Drugs against Aspergillus fumigatus Reveals Sphingolipids Are Involved in the Mechanism of Action of Miltefosine

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Dos Reis, Thaila Fernanda ^{[1, 2]} ; Crivelente Horta, Maria Augusta ^[1] ; Colabardini, Ana Cristina ^[1] ; Fernandes, Caroline Mota ^[3] ; Silva, Lilian Pereira ^[1] ; Bastos, Rafael Wesley ^[1] ; de Lazari Fonseca, Maria Vitoria ^[1] ; Wang, Fang ^[4] ; Martins, Celso ^[5] ; Rodrigues, Marcio L. ^{[6, 7]} ; Pereira, Cristina Silva ^[5] ; Del Poeta, Maurizio ^{[8, 3, 9, 10]} ; Wong, Koon Ho ^{[11, 4, 12]} ; Goldman, Gustavo H. ^[1]

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^[1] Univ Sao Paulo, Fac Ciencias Farmaceut Ribeirao Preto, Ribeirao Preto - Brazil

^[2] MicroControl Innovat Ltd, Ribeirao Preto, SP - Brazil

^[3] SUNY Stony Brook, Dept Microbiol & Immunol, Stony Brook, NY 11794 - USA

^[4] Univ Macau, Fac Hlth Sci, Taipa, Macao - Peoples R China

^[5] Univ Nova Lisboa ITQB NOVA, Inst Tecnol Quim & Biol Antonio Xavier, Oeiras - Portugal

^[6] Fundacao Oswaldo Cruz Fiocruz, Inst Carlos Chagas ICC, Curitiba, Parana - Brazil

^[7] Univ Fed Rio de Janeiro UFRJ, Inst Microbiol Paulo de Goes, Rio De Janeiro - Brazil

^[8] SUNY Stony Brook, Sch Med, Div Infect Dis, Stony Brook, NY 11794 - USA

^[9] Vet Adm Med Ctr, New York, NY 10010 - USA

^[10] MicroRid Technol Inc, Dix Hills, NY - USA

^[11] Univ Macau, Fac Hlth Sci, Inst Translat Med, Ave Univ, Taipa, Macao - Peoples R China

^[12] Univ Macau, MoE Frontiers Sci Ctr Precis Oncol, Taipa, Macao - Peoples R China

• Tipo de documento: Artigo Científico
• Fonte: MBIO; v. 12, n. 4 JUL-AUG 2021.
• Citações Web of Science: 0

Resumo

Aspergillus fumigatus is an important fungal pathogen and the main etiological agent of aspergillosis, a disease characterized by a noninvasive process that can evolve to a more severe clinical manifestation, called invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), in immunocompromised patients. The antifungal arsenal to threat aspergillosis is very restricted. Azoles are the main therapeutic approach to control IPA, but the emergence of azole-resistant A. fumigatus isolates has significantly increased over recent decades. Therefore, new strategies are necessary to combat aspergillosis, and drug repurposing has emerged as an efficient and alternative approach for identifying new antifungal drugs. Here, we used a screening approach to analyze A. fumigatus in vitro susceptibility to 1,127 compounds. A. fumigatus was susceptible to 10 compounds, including miltefosine, a drug that displayed fungicidal activity against A. fumigatus. By screening an A fumigatus transcription factor null library, we identified a single mutant, which has the smiA (sensitive to miltefosine) gene deleted, conferring a phenotype of susceptibility to miltefosine. The transcriptional profiling (RNA-seq) of the wild-type and Delta smiA strains and chromatin immunoprecipitation coupled to next-generation sequencing (ChIP-Seq) of an SmiA-tagged strain exposed to miltefosine revealed genes of the sphingolipid pathway that are directly or indirectly regulated by SmiA. Sphingolipid analysis demonstrated that the mutant has overall decreased levels of sphingolipids when growing in the presence of miltefosine. The identification of SmiA represents the first genetic element described and characterized that plays a direct role in miltefosine response in fungi. IMPORTANCE The filamentous fungus Aspergillus fumigatus causes a group of diseases named aspergillosis, and their development occurs after the inhalation of conidia dispersed in the environment. Very few classes of antifungal drugs are available for aspergillosis treatment, e.g., azoles, but the emergence of global resistance to azoles in A. fumigatus clinical isolates has increased over recent decades. Repositioning or repurposing drugs already available on the market is an interesting and faster opportunity for the identification of novel antifungal agents. By using a repurposing strategy, we identified 10 different compounds that impact A fumigatus survival. One of these compounds, miltefosine, demonstrated fungicidal activity against A. fumigatus. The mechanism of action of miltefosine is unknown, and, aiming to get more insights about it, we identified a transcription factor, SmiA (sensitive to miltefosine), important for miltefosine resistance. Our results suggest that miltefosine displays antifungal activity against A. fumigatus, interfering in sphingolipid biosynthesis. (AU)

• Processo FAPESP: 16/07870-9 - A influência de proteínas quinases ativadas por mitógenos (MAPK) na expressão de determinantes genéticos importantes para a virulência de Aspergillus fumigatus
• Beneficiário: Gustavo Henrique Goldman
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Temático
• Processo FAPESP: 16/12948-7 - O papel da proteína quinase ativada por mitógenos (MPKA) MpkA na regulação da produção da gliotoxina em Aspergillus fumigatus.
• Beneficiário: Patrícia Alves de Castro Silva
• Modalidade de apoio: Bolsas no Brasil - Pós-Doutorado