Strategies of Invertebrate Osmoregulation: An Evolutionary Blueprint for Transmuting into Fresh Water from the Sea

Autor(es)

McNamara, John Campbell ; Freire, Carolina Arruda

• Tipo de documento: Artigo Científico
• Fonte: INTEGRATIVE AND COMPARATIVE BIOLOGY; v. N/A, p. 12-pg., 2022-06-07.

Resumo

Synopsis Early marine invertebrates like the Branchiopoda began their sojourn into dilute media some 500 million years ago in the Middle Cambrian. Others like the Mollusca, Annelida, and many crustacean taxa have followed, accompanying major marine transgressions and regressions, shifting landmasses, orogenies, and glaciations. In adapting to these events and new habitats, such invertebrates acquired novel physiological abilities that attenuate the ion loss and water gain that constitute severe challenges to life in dilute media. Among these taxon-specific adaptations, selected from the subcellular to organismal levels of organization, and constituting a feasible evolutionary blueprint for invading freshwater, are reduced body permeability and surface (S) to volume (V) ratios, lowered osmotic concentrations, increased osmotic gradients, increased surface areas of interface epithelia, relocation of membrane proteins in ion-transporting cells, and augmented transport enzyme abundance, activity, and affinity. We examine these adaptations in taxa that have penetrated into freshwater, revealing diversified modifications, a consequence of distinct body plans, morpho-physiological resources, and occupation routes. Contingent on life history and reproductive strategy, numerous patterns of osmotic regulation have emerged, including intracellular isosmotic regulation in weak hyper-regulators and well-developed anisosmotic extracellular regulation in strong hyper-regulators, likely reflecting inertial adaptations to early life in an estuarine environment. In this review, we address osmoregulation in those freshwater invertebrate lineages that have successfully invaded this biotope. Our analyses show that across 66 freshwater invertebrate species from six phyla/classes that have transmuted into freshwater from the sea, hemolymph osmolalities decrease logarithmically with increasing S:V ratios. The arthropods have the highest osmolalities, from 300 to 650 mOsmoles/kg H2O in the Decapoda with 220-320 mOsmoles/kg H2O in the Insecta; osmolalities in the Annelida range from 150 to 200 mOsmoles/kg H2O, and the Mollusca showing the lowest osmolalities at 40-120 mOsmoles/kg H2O. Overall, osmolalities reach a cut-off at similar to 200 mOsmoles/kg H2O, independently of increasing S:V ratio. The ability of species with small S:V ratios to maintain large osmotic gradients is mirrored in their putatively higher Na+/K+-ATPase activities that drive ion uptake processes. Selection pressures on these morpho-physiological characteristics have led to differential osmoregulatory abilities, rendering possible the conquest of freshwater while retaining some tolerance of the ancestral medium. (AU)

• Processo FAPESP: 15/00131-3 - A secreção de cloreto pelo epitélio branquial em camarões e caranguejos de diferentes nichos osmóticos: uma investigação fisiológica e molecular do simportador Na+-K+-2Cl-
• Beneficiário: John Campbell McNamara
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Regular
• Processo FAPESP: 13/23906-5 - O cotransportador Na+, K+, 2Cl- e a secreção de cloreto branquial em camarões Palaemonidae (Decapoda, Crustacea): padrões moleculares, fisiológicos e evolutivos
• Beneficiário: Anieli Cristina Maraschi
• Modalidade de apoio: Bolsas no Brasil - Doutorado
• Processo FAPESP: 12/06620-8 - A evolução de padrões osmorregulatórios e de mecanismos de transporte iônico branquial nos crustáceos decápodes: uma revisão
• Beneficiário: John Campbell McNamara
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Publicações científicas - Artigo
• Processo FAPESP: 07/04870-9 - Estratégias fisiológicas adaptativas nos crustáceos: a invasão da água doce e as bases moleculares e estruturais da osmorregulação
• Beneficiário: John Campbell McNamara
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Regular
• Processo FAPESP: 11/22537-0 - Implicações macroevolutivas da homeostase osmótica, térmica e metabólica em caranguejos neotropicais do entre-marés
• Beneficiário: John Campbell McNamara
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Regular
• Processo FAPESP: 10/17534-0 - Papel da (Na,K)-ATPase na osmorregulação e excreção de amônio em crustáceos eurialinos: identificação e efeitos do FXYD2 na regulação da (Na,K)-ATPase branquial do siri Callinectes danae
• Beneficiário: Francisco de Assis Leone
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Regular