VOLUTION IN THE GENUS RHINELLA: A TOTAL EVIDENCE PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF NEOTROPICAL TRUE TOADS (ANURA: BUFONIDAE

Autor(es):Mostrar menos -

Pereyra, Martin O. ^{[1, 2]} ; Blotto, Boris L. ^{[3, 1, 4, 5]} ; Baldo, Diego ^[2] ; Chaparro, Juan C. ^{[6, 7]} ; Ron, Santiago R. ^[8] ; Elias-Costa, Agustin J. ^[1] ; Iglesias, Patricia P. ^[2] ; Venegas, Pablo J. ^[9] ; Thome, Maria Tereza C. ^{[4, 5]} ; Ospina-Sarria, Jhon Jairo ^{[8, 10]} ; Maciel, Natan M. ^[11] ; Rada, Marco ^[3] ; Kolenc, Francisco ^[12] ; Borteiro, Claudio ^[12] ; Rivera-Correa, Mauricio ^[13] ; Rojas-Runjaic, Fernando J. M. ^{[14, 15]} ; Moravec, Jiri ^[16] ; de la Riva, Ignacio ^[17] ; Wheeler, Ward C. ^[18] ; Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago ^{[14, 19]} ; Grant, Taran ^{[3, 19]} ; Haddad, Celio F. B. ^{[4, 5]} ; Faivovich, Julian ^{[20, 1, 19]}

Afiliação do(s) autor(es):Mostrar menos -

^[1] Consejo Nacl Invest Cient & Tecn, Museo Argentino Ciencias Nat Bernardino Rivadavia, Div Herpetol, Buenos Aires, DF - Argentina

^[2] Univ Nacl Misiones UNaM, Lab Genet Evolut Claudio J Bidau, Inst Biol Subtrop IBS, CONICET, Posadas, Misiones - Argentina

^[3] Univ Sao Paulo, Inst Biociencias, Dept Zool, Sao Paulo - Brazil

^[4] Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Inst Biociencias, Dept Biodiversidade, Rio Claro, SP - Brazil

^[5] Univ Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Ctr Aquicultura CAUNESP, Rio Claro, SP - Brazil

^[6] Univ Nacl San Antonio Abad Cusco, Museo Hist Nat, Cuzco - Peru

^[7] Museo Biodiversidad Peru, Cuzco - Peru

^[8] Pontificia Univ Catolica Ecuador, Escuela Biol, Museo Zool, Quito - Ecuador

^[9] Ctr Ornitol & Biodiversidad CORBIDI, Div Herpetol, Lima - Peru

^[10] Fdn Invest Biodiversidad & Conservac Trop, Calima, Cali - Colombia

^[11] Univ Fed Goias, Inst Ciencias Biol, Dept Ecol, Lab Herpetol & Comportamento Anim, Goiania, Go - Brazil

^[12] Museo Nacl Hist Nat, Secc Herpetol, Montevideo - Uruguay

^[13] Univ Antioquia, Inst Biol, Grp Herpetol Antioquia, Medellin - Colombia

^[14] Pontificia Univ Catolica Rio Grande do SUL PUCRS, Porto Alegre, RS - Brazil

^[15] Museo Hist Nat La Salle MHNLS, Fdn La Salle Ciencias Nat, Caracas - Venezuela

^[16] Natl Museum, Dept Zool, Prague - Czech Republic

^[17] CSIC, Museo Nacl Ciencias Nat MNCN, Madrid - Spain

^[18] Amer Museum Nat Hist, Div Invertebrate Zool, New York, NY 10024 - USA

^[19] Amer Museum Nat Hist, Herpetol, Div Vertebrate Zool, New York, NY 10024 - USA

^[20] Univ Buenos Aires, Fac Ciencias Exactas & Nat, Dept Biodiversidad & Biol Expt, Buenos Aires, DF - Argentina

• Tipo de documento: Artigo Científico
• Fonte: Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History; n. 447, p. 1-155, MAR 31 2021.
• Citações Web of Science: 5

Resumo

True toads of the genus Rhinella are among the most common and diverse group of Neotropical anurans. These toads are widely distributed throughout South America, inhabiting a great diversity of environments and ecoregions. Currently, however, the genus is defined solely on the basis of molecular characters, and it lacks a proper diagnosis. Although some phenetic species groups have traditionally been recognized within Rhinella, the monophyly of some of them have been rejected in previous phylogenetic analyses, and many species remain unassigned to these poorly defined groups. Additionally, the identity and taxonomy of several species are problematic and hinder the specific recognition and description of undescribed taxa. In this work, we first perform phylogenetic analyses of separate mitochondrial and nuclear datasets to test the possible occurrence of hybridization and/or genetic introgression in the genus. The comparative analysis of both datasets revealed unidirectional mitochondrial introgressions of an unknown parental species into R. horribilis ({''}ghost introgression{''}) and of R. dorbignyi into R. bernardoi; therefore, the mitochondrial and nuclear datasets of these species were considered separately in subsequent analyses. We performed total-evidence phylogenetic analyses that included revised molecular (four mitochondrial and five nuclear genes) and phenotypic (90 characters) datasets for 83 nominal species of Rhinella, plus several undescribed and problematic species and multiple outgroups. Results demonstrate that Rhinella was nonmonophyletic due to the position of R. ceratophrys, which was recovered as the sister taxon of Rhaebo nasicus with strong support. Among our outgroups, the strongly supported Anaxyrus + Incilius is the sister clade of all other species of Rhinella. Once R. ceratophrys is excluded, the genus Rhinella is monophyletic, well supported, and composed of two major clades. One of these is moderately supported and includes species of the former R. spinulosa Group (including R. gallardoi); the monophyletic R. granulosa, R. crucifer, and R. marina Groups; and a clade composed of the mitochondrial sequences of R. horribilis. The other major clade is strongly supported and composed of all the species from the non-monophyletic R. veraguensis and R. margaritifera Groups, the former R. acrolopha Group, and R. sternosignata. Consistent with these results, we define eight species groups of Rhinella that are mostly diagnosed by phenotypic synapomorphies in addition to a combination of morphological character states. Rhinella sternosignata is the only species that remains unassigned to any group. We also synonymize nine species, treat three former subspecies as full species, and suggest that 15 lineages represent putative undescribed species. Lastly, we discuss the apparently frequent occurrence of hybridization, deep mitochondrial divergence, and ``ghost introgression{''}; the incomplete phenotypic evidence (including putative character systems that could be used for future phylogenetic analyses); and the validity of the known fossil record of Rhinella as a source of calibration points for divergence dating analyses. (AU)

• Processo FAPESP: 12/10000-5 - Uma abordagem multidisciplinar para o estudo da diversificação de anfíbios
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