Autor(es)

de Campos, Gabriela Yamazaki ^[1] ; Oliveira, Raquel Amorim ^[1] ; Martins Oliveira-Brito, Patricia Kellen ^[1] ; Roque-Barreira, Maria Cristina ^[1] ; da Silva, Thiago Aparecido ^[1]

Afiliação do(s) autor(es)

^[1] Univ Sao Paulo, Dept Cell & Mol Biol & Pathogen Bioagents, Ribeirao Preto Med Sch, Ribeirao Preto, SP - Brazil

• Tipo de documento: Artigo Científico
• Fonte: PeerJ; v. 8, NOV 25 2020.
• Citações Web of Science: 0

Resumo

Background. The macrophage lineage is characterized by plasticity due to the acquisition of distinct functional phenotypes, and two major subsets are evaluated; classical Ml activation (strong microbicidal activity) and alternative M2 activation (immunoregulatory functions). The M1 subset expresses inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), which is a primary marker to identify these cells, whereas M2 macrophages are characterized by expression of Arginase-1, found in inflammatory zone 1 (Fizzl), chitinase-like molecule (Ym-1), and CD206. The micro-environmental stimuli and signals in tissues are critical in the macrophage polarization. Toll-like receptors (TLR) ligands, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), palmitoyl-3-cysteine-serine-lysine-4 (Pam3CSK4), and ArtinM (mannose-binding lectin) are inductors of MI subset. The impact of TLR2 and TLR4 signals to fight against Cryptococcus gattii infection is unknown, which is a fungal pathogen that preferentially infects the lung of immunocompetent individuals. The macrophages initiate an immune response to combat the C. gattii, then we evaluated in RAW 264.7 cell the effect of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists on the macrophage polarization dynamic and the impact on the growth of C. gattii. Methods and Results. We demonstrated that P3C4, LPS, and ArtinM induced an increase in the levels of iNOS transcripts in RAW 264.7 cells, whereas the relative expression of arginase-1, Ym-1, and Fizz I was significantly increased in the presence of IL-4 alone. The effects of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists on repolarization from the M2 to MI subset was evaluated, and the first stimulus was composed of IL-4 and, after 24 h of incubation, the cells were submitted to a second stimulus of P3C4, LPS, ArtinM, or Medium. These TLR agonists induced the production of TNF-alpha in polarized RAW 264.7 cells to the M2 subset, moreover the measurement of M1/M2 markers using qRT-PCR demonstrated that a second stimulus with LPS for 24 h induced a significant augmentation of levels of iNOS mRNA. This impact of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists in the activation of the RAW 264.7 macrophage was assayed in the presence of C. gattii, the macrophages stimulated with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists for 24 h and co-cultured with C. gattii, as a second stimulus, reached high levels of TNF-alpha even after incubation with different concentrations of C. gattii. The activation of RAW 264.7 cells induced by TLR2 and TLR4 agonists favored the phagocytosis of C. gattii and inhibited the growth of yeast in the early period of infection. However, RAW 264.7 cells incubated with C. gattii in the presence of TLR2 and TLR4 agonists did not result a significant difference in the colony forming unit (CFU) assay in the early period of C. gattii infection, compared to negative control. Conclusion. Polarized RAW 264.7 cells to the M1 subset with TLR2 and TLR4 agonists did not inhibit the growth of C. gattii, whereas robust immunity was identified that could dysregulate host tolerance to this pathogen. (AU)

• Processo FAPESP: 16/17037-2 - Efeito de lectinas de plantas na polarização de macrófagos no contexto da infecção por Cryptococcus gattii
• Beneficiário: Raquel Amorim Oliveira
• Modalidade de apoio: Bolsas no Brasil - Iniciação Científica
• Processo FAPESP: 18/21708-5 - Aplicação de imunomoduladores, via reconhecimento de carboidratos, como agentes terapêuticos: do mecanismo de ação à imunoterapia
• Beneficiário: Maria Cristina Roque Antunes Barreira
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Temático
• Processo FAPESP: 18/18538-0 - Bioengenharia de células T e NK através de receptores CAR contra infecções fúngicas invasivas
• Beneficiário: Thiago Aparecido da Silva
• Modalidade de apoio: Auxílio à Pesquisa - Jovens Pesquisadores
• Processo FAPESP: 18/19949-4 - Imunoterapia contra a Criptococose experimental: uma estratégia vacinal associada a imunoestimuladores ligantes de carboidratos
• Beneficiário: Patrícia Kellen Martins Oliveira Brito
• Modalidade de apoio: Bolsas no Brasil - Doutorado