Abstract
cAMP (3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate, cyclic AMP) is a universal intracellular second messenger to a wide variety of hormones and neurotransmitters, especially those that activate the stimulatory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Over the past 20 years, studies from our group have redesigned this concept by identifying an extracellular cAMP signaling function in both skeletal mus…