Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized cancer therapy. With this development, programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors have been important in understanding how cancer cells evade the immune system. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is currently used as the gold standard adjuvant treatment for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. BC…