Abstract
The modulation of the immunological checkpoints with monoclonal antibodies anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (anti-PD-1), or anti-PD-1 ligand (anti-PD-L1) promotes the reactivation of antitumor immunity and produces unprecedented positive clinical responses in cancer treatment. However, 40-60% of patients presented a primary resistance to the anti-PD-1/PD-L1, which the mechanism is unk…