Abstract
The etiology of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the head and neck (HNSCC) is multifactorial; however, oral cavity SCC (OSCC) is closely related to tobacco and alcohol consumption, while oropharyngeal SCC (OPSCC) shows a frequent association with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, as well as better prognosis than OSCC. The immune microenvironment in the HNSCC shows an immunosuppressive…