Abstract
Aluminum (Al) is toxic to most plants. In acidic soils (pH < 5) it is found in one of its phytotoxic forms, Al3 +. In plants sensitive to Al, the first and most conspicuous toxicity symptom is the inhibition of root growth, where Al is chemically retained. In addition, Al also causes indirect symptoms such as reduced shoot growth. Sensitive plants exposed to Al show reduced CO2 assimilati…