Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis and represents 45% of deaths. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a common pattern of cardiovascular injury in chronic kidney disease that affects up to 75% of individuals when it affects end-stage renal disease. In addition, renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) is the major cause of acute kidney…