Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant neoplasm characterized by the abnormal proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells in the head and neck region, which can develop from the progression of potentially malignant oral lesions, such as oral leukoplakia (OLP). The expression of the PD-L1 ligand in tumor cells, and its interaction with the PD-1 protein expressed in cytotoxi…