Abstract
Sickle cell diseases (SCDs) are a group of inherited disorders characterized by mutations in the gene encoding the beta subunit (HBB) of hemoglobin, leading to the formation of abnormal hemoglobin (hemoglobin S, HbS). Sickle cell disease occurs when there is homozygosity for HbS or double heterozygosity with another abnormal hemoglobin, such as Hb²0, Hb²+, HbD, and HbC. The sickling of er…