Abstract
Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a globally prevalent metabolic condition characterized by chronic elevation of blood glucose and insulin resistance. The International DiabetesFederation (IDF) estimates a 65% increase in DM2 cases by 2045, affecting 9.9% of the world's population. Biomarkers such as estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albuminuria are usedin diag…