Abstract
Malaria caused by Plasmodium vivax (P. vivax) is widely distributed across various regions of the world, posing a challenge for disease control. The circumsporozoite protein (CSP), present on the surface of P. vivax sporozoites, plays a crucial role in hepatocyte invasion. However, the allelic variants of CSP, known as VK210, VK247, and P. vivax-like, have distinct sequences that complica…