Abstract
The evolution of resistance to insecticides in Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) represents one of the main challenges for the effective implementation of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Recently, the resistance of S. frugiperda to spinetoram, an insecticide of the spinosyn chemical group, which act as allosteric modulators of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR), was de…