Abstract
Seasonal (1 to 6 months) and subseasonal (1 to 4 weeks) forecasts gained prominence after extreme climatic events such as the El Niño events of 1982/83 and 1997/98 and the La Niña event of 1988/89, which impacted global temperature and precipitation patterns. Comparing forecasts with past observations, as done in C3S and SubC, allows both validation of model quality and adjustments for hy…