Abstract
The global commercialization of hyaluronic acid (HA) was estimated at USD 2.64 billion in 2024 and is expected to reach USD 3.79 billion by 2029, with a projected growth rate of 7.46%. HA is considered a high-value macromolecule due to its properties, such as high hygroscopicity, anti-inflammatory action, and antioxidant activity, which enable its application in various fields. The use of…