Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a major global health threat, with 1.27 million deaths reported in 2019 and projections of 10 million by 2050. In Gram-negative bacteria, the outer membrane (OM) made of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) acts as a barrier that limits antibiotic uptake. A key challenge in developing effective antibiotics is the lack of understanding of how cell envelope compone…