Abstract
The development of atherosclerosis involves the activation/modification of several cell types, including endothelial, vascular smooth muscle (VSMC) and immune cells, such as monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and T lymphocytes. In a previous study, we demonstrated that BMPs (-2 and -4), as well as the BMP antagonist Gremlin, are supra-regulated in aortas and in VSMC from animals pron…