Abstract
Periapical lesions are chronic inflammatory conditions triggered by microbial colonization within the root canals. The host immune response involves the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-¿), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1¿), which directly influence disease progression. These cytokines play distinct roles within the inflamma…