Abstract
The habenula (Hb) is an epithalamic structure differentiated into medial (MHb) and lateral habenula (LHb). The LHb plays a key role in encoding disappointments and expectation of punishments, whereas the MHb-interpeduncular nucleus (IP) axis is critically involved in the mediation of the aversive effects of nicotine. Consistent with a key role in processing aversive information, the Hb ha…