Fish Welfare in the Ornamental Trade: Stress Factors, Legislation, and Emerging Initiatives

Author(s)

Maia, Caroline Marques ; Gauy, Ana Carolina dos Santos ; Goncalves-de-Freitas, Eliane

• Document type: Journal article
• Source: FISHES; v. 10, n. 5, p. 16-pg., 2025-05-13.

Abstract

The ornamental fish trade involves multiple phases, from acquisition-whether through wild capture or aquaculture-to the final destination, often including long transport routes. Throughout this trade, fish encounter several stressors like handling, improper maintenance methods, high or inadequate stocking densities, poor water quality, and mechanical disturbances during transport. The varying levels of care provided by aquarists also influence the long-term welfare of these animals, with many fish being treated more as ornaments rather than sentient beings. Worsening these issues, there is a lack of scientifically grounded guidance for hobbyists and caregivers, important gaps in legislation concerning fish welfare, and limited oversight in the ornamental trade. Nevertheless, some international organizations and grassroots projects have been working to promote responsible practices and disseminate educational resources. However, the need for efficient welfare standards, legislation, and comprehensive information for all stakeholders involved in this sector remains critical. Here, we synthesize the problems in the ornamental fish trade and suggest some solutions to reduce the impacts of management practices on the welfare of these fish. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 23/02991-6 - Effect of the free choice for tactile stimulation on aggressive interaction, brain monoamine levels, and productive performance in Nile tilapia fish, Oreochromis niloticus (L.)
• Grantee: Ana Carolina dos Santos Gauy
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Post-Doctoral
• FAPESP's process: 23/02306-1 - Body tactile stimulation and fish welfare effects on aggressive behavior, brain monoamines, and productive performance
• Grantee: Eliane Gonçalves de Freitas
• Support Opportunities: Regular Research Grants