The melatonergic system as a target of amyloid-β peptide

Author(s)

Erika Cecon

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB)
• Defense date: 2014-07-02

Examining board members

Regina Pekelmann Markus; Ana Campa; Rosely Oliveira Godinho; Vilma Regina Martins; Cristoforo Scavone

• Advisor: Regina Pekelmann Markus

Abstract

Alzheimer\'s disease (AD) is the most common age-related neurodegenerative disorder worldwide. Excess of amyloid beta peptides (Aβ), composed mainly by 40 and 42 aminoacids-long fragments (Aβ 1-40 e Aβ 1-42) is a molecular hallmark in AD. Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory responses and molecular changes are related to synapse impairment and neuronal loss. It is well documented that AD patients show impaired melatonin synthesis, the pineal gland-derived hormone, and altered expression of melatonin receptors, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. According to the immune-pineal axis concept, inflammatory mediators act on the pineal gland, leading to inhibition of melatonin synthesis. Therefore, in the present study we sought to investigate whether Aβ? directly targets the melatonergic system, modulating melatonin synthesis and/or melatonin receptors function. Pineal glands cultured in the presence of Aβ 1-40 or Aβ 1-42 showed reduced melatonin production. Aβ 1-40 activated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κ B) pathway in the pineal gland, leading to up-regulation of several inflammatory genes, as interleukins and chemokines, and inhibition of the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase enzyme expression, the key enzyme in melatonin synthesis. In HEK293 cells stably expressing recombinant melatonin MT1 or MT2 receptors melatonin-induced ERK1/2 activation was markedly impaired by Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42. Similar results were obtained in primary culture of endothelial cells expressing melatonin receptors endogenously. The present study shows that melatonin synthesis and melatonin receptors function are directly impaired by Aβ, thus extending our understanding on the detrimental effects of Aβ. Because melatonin shows neuroprotective and antioxidant properties, impairment of the melatonergic system may contribute to the neurodegenerative processes that take place in AD. 1-42) is a molecular hallmark in AD. Aβ-induced neuroinflammatory responses and molecular changes are related to synapse impairment and neuronal loss. It is well documented that AD patients show impaired melatonin synthesis, the pineal gland-derived hormone, and altered expression of melatonin receptors, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. According to the immune-pineal axis concept, inflammatory mediators act on the pineal gland, leading to inhibition of melatonin synthesis. Therefore, in the present study we sought to investigate whether Aβ?directly targets the melatonergic system, modulating melatonin synthesis and/or melatonin receptors function. Pineal glands cultured in the presence of Aβ 1-40 or Aβ 1-42 showed reduced melatonin production. Aβ 1-40 activated the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-&kappa B) pathway in the pineal gland, leading to up-regulation of several inflammatory genes, as interleukins and chemokines, and inhibition of the arylalkylamine N-acetyltransferase enzyme expression, the key enzyme in melatonin synthesis. In HEK293 cells stably expressing recombinant melatonin MT1 or MT2 receptors melatonin-induced ERK1/2 activation was markedly impaired by Aβ 1-40 and Aβ 1-42. Similar results were obtained in primary culture of endothelial cells expressing melatonin receptors endogenously. The present study shows that melatonin synthesis and melatonin receptors function are directly impaired by Aβ, thus extending our understanding on the detrimental effects of Aβ. Because melatonin shows neuroprotective and antioxidant properties, impairment of the melatonergic system may contribute to the neurodegenerative processes that take place in AD (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 09/17923-9 - Pineal gland as a target for B-amyloid peptide
• Grantee: Erika Cecon
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate