Regulation of cell wall degradation during aerenchyma development in roots of sugarcane

Author(s)

Eveline Queiroz de Pinho Tavares

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB)
• Defense date: 2015-06-15

Examining board members

Marcos Silveira Buckeridge; Marília Gaspar; Elisson Antônio da Costa Romanel; Marcelo Menossi Teixeira

• Advisor: Marcos Silveira Buckeridge

Abstract

In order to circumvent the problems imposed by the cell wall recalcitrance to hydrolysis, the process underlying biofuel production requires a step called pretreatment, aimed at making biomass more accessible to the action of glycosil hydrolases that attack the cell wall. The increased knowledge of wall degradation processes operated by the plant itself has the potential to influence research in the bioernergy field, pointing out the most efficient mechanisms to disassemble the cell wall complex polymeric structure. The term coined biological pretreatment means taking advantage of key elements and mechanisms of cell wall degradation processes occurring in the plant itself in order to disassemble the entangled polysaccharide structure. One example of endogenous cell wall degradation process is the lysigenous aerenchyma formation, which consists in the opening of gas spaces in parenchyma tissue. The aerenchyma formation in sugarcane is thought to be a modular process that occurs in six steps: 1) target cells perception; 2) cell separation; 3) cell expansion; 4) programmed cell death; 5) hemicellulose hydrolysis and 6) cellulose hydrolysis. This work has as the main objective to study the regulation of the two initial steps, aiming at acquiring knowledge that would afford to turn biomass less resistant to enzyme penetration. The aerenchyma develops within the roots of sugarcane as a constitutive process. Its independence from an external inducer was corroborated in this work by subjecting sugarcane plants to treatment with nutrients and one inhibitor of ethylene perception (1-MCP) when the five more apical centimeters of the root were analyzed. After treatment with nutrients, the delayed aerenchyma formation led to differential expression of cell wall degradation-, programmed cell death- and ethylene signalling-related genes. Under visual inspection, 1-MCP did not show effect on aerenchyma development. Instead, it changed the hormone balance mainly in the two most apical root segments. The transcriptional pattern of 1-MCP treated roots revealed increased expression of cell expansion- and oxidative stress-related genes. Such patterns are discussed in the light of the hormone regulation of the aerenchyma development through the establishment of a balance between auxin and ethylene within root segments. Both experiments led to the selection of four two candidate genes, two transcription factors (ScRAV1 and ScERF1) and two glycosil hydrolases (ScEPG1 and ScARA1), that were sequenced and analyzed regarding homEURologous diversity, promoter sequences and gene structure compared to S. bicolor. The topology of the phylogenetic reconstructions and the differential distribution of sites for RAV and ERF within ScEPG1 and ScARA1 promoters did not reflect distinct expression patterns. Different hom(e)ologous of each target gene were equally expressed. In an heterologous system, RAV transcription factor interacted with ScEPG1 promoter, reducing the activity encoded by the reporter gene. This suggests the repressive role of RAV on pectin degradation within the middle lamella, leading to reduced cell adhesion and cell separation, possibly regulated by this glycosyl hydrolase. The identification of key regulators of the aerenchyma formation is an important link between hormone signaling and the wall degradation within the sugarcane roots. It enables a better understanding of control mechanisms underlying wall modifications when performed by the plant itself. Altogether, the data produced in this work allows biotechnological application of sequenced genes. Moreover, the produced data unveil key aspects regarding physiologycal aspects of aerenchyma development and highlights features related to the dynamics of gene expression in sugarcane coupled to the phylogenetic aspects of the four target sequences. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 11/07586-5 - Investigation of mechanisms regulating cell wall degradation in sugar cane roots during the aerenchyma formation
• Grantee: Eveline Queiroz de Pinho Tavares
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate