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| Author(s): |
Sarah Ribeiro Milograna
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Ribeirão Preto. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (PCARP/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2015-12-02 |
| Examining board members: |
Tiana Kohlsdorf;
Rodrigo Nunes da Fonseca;
Klaus Hartmann Hartfelder;
Ricardo Guelerman Pinheiro Ramos;
Zila Luz Paulino Simoes
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| Advisor: | Tiana Kohlsdorf |
| Abstract | |
Hox genes pattern the vertebrate body during embryonic development, and understanding their evolution may unravel genetic mechanisms subjacent to morphological evolution. Molecular evolution of Hox genes entails signatures in regulatory regions that potentially affect gene expression, such as the cis-regulatory elements (CREs) that surround the HoxD cluster and its noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). In this PhD Thesis, I have explored regulatory evolution of HoxD genes engaged in the development of appendicular and anterior-posterior body (AP) axes in amniotic lineages that exhibit homoplastic morphological peculiarities: snakelike squamates (Chapters I and II) and diprotodontid marsupials (Chapter III). In Chapter I, I investigated in snakes and amphisbaenians, whether equivalent regulatory signatures were registered in the Conserved Sequence B (CsB), a centromeric Hoxd10-13 CRE, during evolution of snakelike morphologies. Using lizards and other tetrapods to represent the lacertiform morphology, conserved regions within CsB were sequenced from 38 squamate species, and transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) were predicted and compared among groups. Both snakelike lineages carry divergent and convergent regulatory signatures not identified in lizards; the convergence located in one CsB segment comprised loss of limb-related TFBS and gain of a binding site for PBX1. This convergent regulatory signature registered along two independent processes of snakelike evolution may relate to body elongation and limb loss, and evidences a role of CsB for AP axis development. In Chapter II, I investigated whether a telomeric (CNS65) and a centromeric (Island I) Hoxd enhancer that regulate gene expression respectively at proximal and distal regions of developing limbs retain their regulatory capacities in Serpentes. Gene reporter expression of these CREs from snakes were performed in transgenic mice and revealed that their regulatory activities were abrogated in limb buds. Comparison of predicted TFBS in these elements between snakes and limbed tetrapods revealed limb-related TFBS apparently lost in snakes, and pointed to one potential stilopodium/zeugopodium-specific element in CNS65 and three likely autopodium-specific elements in Island I. Limb loss in snakes registered signatures in Hoxd CREs that possibly contributed for their functional impairment, putatively indicating limb-specific modules. Finally, in the chapter III, I studied ncRNAs from HoxD cluster in the context of hindlimb morphological evolution and heterochrony between fore and hindlimb development in the tammar wallaby Macropus eugenii. The ncRNAs mapped to HoxD cluster were selected from transcriptome performed using tammar embryo limbs at days 23 (d23) and 25 (d25) of viii pregnancy, and their conservation, transcriptional profiles and expression patterns were explored. Comparison with orthologous sequences in other mammals revealed five ncRNAs conserved among mammals, and three transcripts apparently exclusive to marsupials. Transcriptional profiles of HOXD10-13 and HoxD ncRNAs were mostly equivalent. XLOC46 expression patterns resembled those of mouse and tammar terminal HOXD genes, whereas XLOC52 and XLOC53 showed identical expression patterns to those genes of tammar, except for XLOC53 low expression at d25. The ncRNAs intergenic/intronic to HOXD9-12 may regulate expression of terminal HOXD genes in mammals, and XLOC52 and XLOC53 are suitable for investigation regarding limb evolution in marsupial. This PhD Thesis demonstrates how studies of evolutionary footprints in regulatory elements of developmental genes contribute for elucidating specific processes during lineages divergence as well as functional aspects of these genes during development. (AU) | |
| FAPESP's process: | 12/13165-5 - Associations between Hox genes molecular evolution and the evolution of morphological diversity in Squamata and Marsupialia |
| Grantee: | Sarah Ribeiro Milograna |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate |