Chemical and biological study of microorganisms associated with the stingless bee Scaptotrigona depilis

Author(s)

Camila Raquel Paludo

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: Ribeirão Preto.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto (PCARP/BC)
• Defense date: 2017-02-23

Examining board members

Monica Tallarico Pupo; Hosana Maria Debonsi; Niege Araçari Jacometti Cardoso Furtado; Andre Rodrigues; Ademilson Espencer Egea Soares

• Advisor: Monica Tallarico Pupo; Jon Clardy

Abstract

Some ants, termites and beetles have established mutualistic relationship with fungi that they culture for food. However, just recently a fungus agricultural behavior has been described for bees. The main goal of this study was to investigate the microbiota associated with the stingless bee Scaptotrigona depilis, the first fungus-­ farming bee described. Different materials from S. depilis colony were used to isolate 149 microbial strains, and among these microorganisms, 28% showed antimicrobial activity against human pathogens. The microorganisms Bacillus sp. SDLI1, Candida sp. SDCP2, Zygosaccharomyces sp. SDBC30G1 and Monascus ruber SDCP1, isolated from brood cells of S. depilis, were selected for further studies. Using different approaches, it was confirmed that Zygosaccharomyces sp. SDBC30G1 is the fungus required for S. depilis larval development. This fungus accumulates cytoplasmic lipid droplets that can be a source of sterols and lipids to the larvae. Using in vitro eggs culturing, it was verified that ergosterol, the major sterol produced by Zygosaccharomyces sp. SDBC30G1, can stimulates larval metamorphosis, confirming this yeast as an important sterol source. Co-­cultures provided information about Candida sp. SDCP2 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) production, which stimulates Zygosaccharomyces sp. SDBC30G1 growth. The majoritarian VOCs produced by Candida sp. SDCP2 were ethanol (C1) and isoamyl alcohol (C2), which were also detected in S. depilis brood cells. The fungus M. ruber SDCP1 produces lovastatin (M6), an inhibitor of HMG-­CoA reductase, which can modulate Zygosaccharomyces sp. SDBC30G1 pellicle formation and lipids accumulation. Candida sp. SDCP2 stimulates the production of monascinol (M2) and monascin (M3) by M. ruber SDCP1 in co-­culture. Monascin (M3) is active against Candida sp. SDCP2 and can control the growth of this yeast, once M3 biosynthesis increased ~ 57 folds after seven days of co-­culturing. Bacillus sp. SDLI1 produces seven surfactins (B1-­B7) and bacillomycin D (B8) that presented antifungal activity against pathogenic fungi. This bacterium had its whole-­genome sequenced and the circular chromosome harbors biosynthetic gene clusters to produce eight classes of antimicrobial compounds. The phage SDLI1-­1, which presented activity against Paenibacillus larvae, a pathogen causative of American Foulbrood Disease, was also produced by Bacillus sp. SDLI1. S. depilis larvae were resistant against Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae infections, and Bacillus sp. SDLI1 was capable to increase larval survival during in vitro culturing with P. larvae. The results suggest that the environmental conditions found in S. depilis colonies favor the development of a specialized microbiota. These microorganisms interact and produce beneficial factors to its host. These stablished symbiotic relationships contribute with the homeostasis inside the colony and they must be preserved to safeguard S. depilis survival (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 12/22487-6 - Chemical and biological study of natural products of microorganisms associated with stingless bee species Scaptotrigona depilis
• Grantee: Camila Raquel Paludo
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate