Evolution of multigenic families and genetic networks in plants

Author(s)

Luiz Eduardo Vieira Del Bem

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: Campinas, SP.
• Institution: Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Instituto de Biologia
• Defense date: 2013-01-29

Examining board members

Michel Georges Albert Vincentz; Jörg Kobarg; Sérgio Furtado dos Reis; Douglas Silva Domingues; Camila Caldana

• Advisor: Michel Georges Albert Vincentz

Abstract

The availability of complete sequences of a growing number of genomes is transforming biology. More specifically, in the field of evolutionary biology, it became possible to address central questions on the ultimate mechanisms underlying genetic changes. It has a broad impact on biology and philosophy as well. This thesis deals with two important aspects of genome evolution: the process of gene duplication and fixation of duplicated genes, which is the basis of the origins of multigenic families, and the evolution of genetic regulatory networks that determines the causality of the cellular processes. Both aspects are related to the evolution of complexity regarding the gene content of living forms and the mechanistic interaction between the gene products (mainly RNAs and proteins). In the first aspect we studied the evolution of two biological mechanisms depending on the integrated function of proteins from distinct families. The mechanism of synthesis and remobilization of xyloglucan, a plant cell wall polysaccharide, and the calreticulin/calnexin cycle of protein folding that takes place in the endoplasmic reticulum. Our work showed that a primordial form of xyloglucan already existed before the land conquest by plants. We propose that the calreticulin/calnexin cycle is the product of subfuncionalization of an ancestral eukaryotic chaperone, and plants evolved specific calreticulin functions due to gene duplication. Our interest in the evolution of multigenic families impelled the development of Phylexpress, a method dedicated to large-scale orthology analyses. It can integrate expression data in the context of multigenic families with the goal of understand the evolutionary dynamics of gene expression. We used Phylexpress to revisit the gene content of the publicly available sugarcane ESTs as a proof of concept. Our results showed that the ESTs sampled orthologs for just ~58% of the predict sorghum proteome, in contrast with previous estimations acconting for 90% of the hypotethical sugarcane proteome. In order to approach the evolutionary dynamics of regulatory networks, we measured global changes in gene expression of sorghum and rice plantlets in response to short-term treatments (2hrs) with exogenous ABA (plant hormone) and the sugars glucose and sucrose. We took public data from comparable experiments using Arabidopsis thaliana in order to unravel conserved and divergent responses across orthologs. Furthermore, we analyzed the evolutionary change in transcriptional responses in a context of gene duplications in multigenic families, leading to a set of potentially redundant genes in terms of biochemical/structural properties. Our approach suggests that gene regulatory networks in complex eukaryotes evolve mainly neutrally, in a constant rate that is independent of the analyzed network (triggered by each one of the signals) and the species. Our data is complementary and potentially confirmatory of recent models of nonadaptive evolution in regulatory networks. We concluded that the evolution of the complexity in biological systems is partially connected to the attenuation of the efficiency, mainly due to low effective population sizes present in the lineages that gave rise to complex eukaryotes (vertebrates and land plants) (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 08/09105-1 - Physiological characterization of bZIPs group J in different green plants evolutionary steps (algae, bryophyta and angiosperm).
• Grantee: Luiz Eduardo Vieira Del Bem
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate