Full text
| |
| Author(s): |
Emerson Ricardo Pansarin
Total Authors: 1
|
| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Campinas, SP. |
| Institution: | Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Instituto de Biologia |
| Defense date: | 2005-06-28 |
| Examining board members: |
Marlies Sazima;
Antonio Salatino;
Julie Henriette Antoinette Dutilh;
Rodrigo B Singer
|
| Advisor: | Marlies Sazima |
| Abstract | |
The taxonomic revision, the micromorphological and chemical study of the epicuticular waxes, as well as the pollination processes and pollinators of the genus Cleistes were reported. A phylogenetic inference within Cleistes and among genera of subtribe Pogoniinae was also established, based on morphology and nrDNA (ITS) and cpDNA (trnL-F and rps16) sequence data, and using maximum parsimony. The genus Cleistes includes 17 species distributed among Central and South America, occurring mainly in ¿cerrado¿ areas of Central Brazil. Three of these species are new and were described in the present study. The phylogenetic study of Pogoniinae showed that this subtribe presents two well-supported clades. One clade is North-American-Asiatic and includes the genera Isotria, Pogonia and the North-American species of Cleistes. The other clade is Central-South-American and includes the species of Cleistes occurring in Central and South America. The genus Cleistes, in agreement to Cameron & Chase (1999), is paraphyletic. The North American species of Cleistes are more related to the North American-Asiatic genera Isotria and Pogonia than to the remaining species of Cleistes. The subtribe Pogoniinae is also paraphyletic. The saprophytic genus Pogoniopsis is more related with Galeola and Cyrtosia (Galeolinae) than to the remaining genera currently recognized within subtribe Pogoniinae. The Amazonian genus Duckeella, sister of all remainder of Pogoniinae, lacks the synapomorphic characters that define this subtribe, and should be transferred to the subtribe Duckeellinae. Species of the genus Cleistes present micromorphology of the epicuticular waxes of the leaves varying from a singular film to forming granules or platelets. The epicuticular waxes in Cleistes are constituted mainly by alcohols, acids and esters. The chemical compounds of epicuticular waxes of Cleistes were very variable among species, and may be used for specific delimitation within the genus. Species of Cleistes, as for remaining Pogoniinae, are pollinated mainly by bees, although C. libonii is co-pollinated by hermit hummingbirds. The South American species of Cleistes presents flowering peaks, in which all mature buds of each plant flowering simultaneously on the same day. The studied species produced short-lived flowers (generally one day), which offer nectar as reward produced by two nectariferous glands on the basis of the lip. For the North American-Asiatic genera these nectariferous glands are absent and the floral visitors are attracted by deceit. This study supports the evolution of deceptive flowers to nectar flowers (AU) | |