Enzymatic biodiesel production in fluidized bed reactor from the ethanolysis of babassu oil: establishment of reaction and operational conditions

Author(s)

Weriton Renan Rodrigues Fidalgo

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: Lorena.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola de Engenharia de Lorena (EEL/ASDI)
• Defense date: 2014-03-28

Examining board members

Heizir Ferreira de Castro; Ernandes Benedito Pereira; Victor Haber Perez; Júlio César dos Santos; João Paulo Alves Silva

• Advisor: Heizir Ferreira de Castro

Abstract

Recently there has been evidence that humans began to understand more deeply that the environment is responsible for providing the essential conditions to their survival and evolution, and the search for suitable energy alternatives to this new way of thinking and living has been an integral part of the solution to the environmental problems that are increasingly urgent. In this context, the production of biodiesel has been the subject of intensive research, because although the prospects of oil shortages have been postponed several times due to the discovery of new reserves, issues related to political and social instability of major producer countries and the increase in knowledge about the harmful effects to the environment from the use of fossil fuels as an energy source have motivated the search for the feasibility of the use of biofuels. The present study aimed at improving the enzymatic technology to produce biodiesel by ethanolysis. The transesterification of babassu oil with ethanol mediated by lipase in a fluidized bed reactor (FBR) under continuous run was used as a proposal to increase the productivity of the system as well as to obtain biodiesel having suitable properties to be used as a biofuel. All experiments were carried out in solvent-free system at 50°C and microbial lipases from Burkholderia cepacia immobilized on SiO2-PVA hybrid matrix and Candida antarctica adsorbed on methyl-methacrylate resin (NovozymR 435) were used as biocatalysts. The FBR system (glass column: 12 mm × 375 mm) with recirculation was assembled and its hydrodynamic characteristics, such as the mean residence time and variance, were evaluated through the residence time distribution (RTD) employing a pulse input. For both biocatalysts the effects of oil-to-ethanol molar ratio (1:5 to 1:12), space time (6 to 14 h) and lipase loading (3 to 23 grams) in the transesterification yield and productivity were investigated. Great excess of ethanol (molar ratio oil-to-ethanol of 1:12) and the incorporation of a column packed with LewatitR GF202 to remove the glycerol formed as a byproduct were found to be essential to maintain a stable reactor operation for both biocatalysts, although different performances were attained. Using B. cepacia lipase immobilized on SiO2-PVA the reactor efficiency was limited even for high lipase loading (22.3 g). Maximum transesterification yield [(53.0 } 4.8)%] and productivities [(9.3 } 0.8)×10-6 molester/gcat/min] were achieved at space time of 9.3 h, revealing a biocatalyst half-life of 18 days. The feasibility of the FBR was demonstrated using NovozymR 435 and enhanced performance was attained using only 5 grams of biocatalyst at 8 h space time, which provided transesterification yield of 98.1 % and productivity of (9.9 } 0.2)×10-5 molester/gcat/min. Under such conditions the biodiesel properties were as follows: ester content of 97.1%, density at 20 °C of 872 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity at 40 °C of 4.86 mm2/s, 1.4 wt% of monoacylglycerol and 1.0 wt% of diacylglycerol. Other parameters were estimated by empirical models in order to predict the quality of biodiesel from babassu oil: 64 for the cetane number; 257 for the index of saponification, 17 g I2/100g for index iodine, and - 8.5 ° C for the cold filter plugging point. The results obtained were quite satisfactory and have contributed to the establishment of operating conditions for the enzymatic production of biodiesel in a fluidized bed reactor using ethanol and babassu oil as starting materials in a solvent-free reaction medium. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 09/15454-1 - Enzymatic production of biodiesel in conventional and magnetically stabilized fluidized bed reactor
• Grantee: Weriton Renan Rodrigues Fidalgo
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate (Direct)