Effects of grazing intensity and paddock grazing periods on mass of herbage, losses and nutritional value of mombaçagrass (Panicum maximum Jacq.).

Author(s)

Marcos Antonio Gomes

• Document type: Master's Dissertation
• Press: Pirassununga.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Zootecnica e Engenharia de Alimentos (FZE/BT)
• Defense date: 2001-08-10

Examining board members

Valdo Rodrigues Herling; Jose Carlos Machado Nogueira Filho; Sila Carneiro da Silva

• Advisor: Valdo Rodrigues Herling

Abstract

This trial was conducted between July 1998 and June 2000 aiming at evaluating the effects of grazing intensity and grazing periods on mass of herbage, losses and nutritional value of Mombaçagrass. Treatments were comprised of combinations between three grazing pressures, represented by three levels of herbage allowance: low (4%); medium (8%) and high (12%), equivalent to 4, 8 and 12 kg of green dry matter/100 kg of body weight/day, and two grazing periods: one or three days. The experimental area was divided up into 24 400m2 paddocks (20 x 20m2), splitted into 4 blocks with 6 paddocks each. Grazing during "summer" were performed according to a 35-day rest period (4 grazings); and during "winter" according to a 70-day rest period (2 grazings). The experimental design was a complete randomized block in a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement, replicated four times. In "summer", Mombaçagrass dry matter yield was higher with lower grazing intensity and fewer days of animal grazing. The leaf/stem ratio was higher for hard grazings with longer grazing periods, since animals were not selective or either loss or less stem production was observed. Leaf lamina proportion decreased with grazing duration of 1 day in relation to 3 days. During "summer", the association between lower grazing intensity and short grazing period resulted in higher quantity of senescent material for the next period. However, net dry matter production was higher under those circumstances. In "winter", a three-day grazing period associated with intensive grazing (4%) resulted in a lower proportion of senescent material. Climatic conditions were important in the forage production system, providing the equilibrium between production and senescence losses. When grazing intensity is lower, amount of residual dry matter is higher, however it is independent of grazing period. However under high grazing intensity, shorter time of grazing lead to higher residual dry matter, but with larger losses of material on soil. During both "summer" and "winter", the shorter period of grazing, the higher the losses of dry matter after grazing period, although plants still kept more residual green tissues after grazing. Herbage allowances of 4 and 8 % ("summer") and 8 and 12% ("winter"), resulted in a bigger apparent dry matter consumption. The same result was observed for the 3 – day grazing period for both seasons. Lenient grazing, although favoring animal selectivity, resulted in plants with lower leaf protein content during both seasons. However, short grazing period during "summer" and long grazing period during "winter", when associated with hard grazing (4%), resulted in leaf tissues containing more protein with lower cell wall content. By the end of "summer", paddocks grazed for 1 day or at 4 or 8% of herbage allowance, showed higher leaf protein content. On the other hand, although neutral and acid detergent fiber content was somewhat variable, they were lower at low herbage allowance (4%), both in "summer" and "winter". The negative relationship between protein and cell wall content, when grazing intensity was reduced increasing herbage allowances, in both seasons, resulted in lower herbage dry matter degradability, lower protein and higher cell wall content in the residual forage at the time animals were removed from the paddocks. This was particularly critical in "winter", when residual herbage exhibited the lowest nutritive value. (AU)