Studies on the genomic organization, evolution and expression of microRNAs.

Author(s)

Gustavo Starvaggi França

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Conjunto das Químicas (IQ e FCF) (CQ/DBDCQ)
• Defense date: 2015-11-13

Examining board members

Anamaria Aranha Camargo; Diogo Meyer; Helder Takashi Imoto Nakaya; Eduardo Moraes Rego Reis; João Carlos Setubal

• Advisor: Anamaria Aranha Camargo

Abstract

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs found in most eukaryotic species. These RNAs regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level by silencing target mRNAs through base-pairing of complementary sequences, thus acting on virtually all cellular processes. Although the structure and function of miRNAs are well understood, several aspects related to their genomic organization, evolution and involvement with diseases are largely underexplored. In this thesis, we employed computational methods to investigate such issues in three different studies. In the first one, we have processed and integrated a large amount of public data related to miRNAs and coding genes for five vertebrate species. Then, we developed a webtool to allow the analysis of the miRNA genomic context in inter and intragenic regions, the access of miRNA and gene expression data (classified as host and non-host genes), as well as other relevant information. We noticed that the webtool has been largely used by the scientific community, and we believe that it can facilitate hypothesis generation related to miRNA regulation, especially when they are within host genes. In the following study, we sought to understand how the genomic context and the evolutionary origin of host genes can affect the expression and evolution of human miRNAs. Our findings showed that intragenic miRNAs are preferentially embedded within old host genes (originated before the split of vertebrates). We observed that miRNAs within old genes are more broadly expressed than those within young genes. Surprisingly, young miRNAs within old genes were expressed in more tissues than their intergenic counterparts, suggesting an initial adaptive advantage which might be related to their hosts expression control, and as a consequence, exposing them to a more diverse cellular contexts and target genes. In the long run, we found that old host genes lead to expression constraints (lower expression divergence) between species for intragenic miRNAs, in respect to intergenic ones. We also showed possible functional associations related to miRNA genomic context, such as the enrichment of young intergenic miRNAs in testis, while young intragenic miRNAs were enriched in neural tissues. Thus, we propose that the genomic context and the age of the host genes are key factors in shaping the expression and evolution of miRNAs. Finally, we sought to establish associations between differential expression of miRNAs and chemoresistance in colorectal cancer using resistant and sensitive cell lines to 5-Fluoruracil and Oxaliplatin. Among differentially expressed miRNAs, miR-342 was highly expressed in sensitive cell lines to Oxaliplatin. Based on target prediction analysis, miR-342 is likely associated with apoptosis. The induced overexpression of miR-342 in SW620, a cell line resistant to Oxaliplatin, changed the expression levels of genes linked to the apoptosis pathway, notably the downregulation of PDGFB growth factor, which is a predicted target possibly subjected to direct regulation by miR-342. (AU)

• FAPESP's process: 11/19645-6 - MicroRNA expression profiling and its association with chemotherapeutic drug response in colon cancer cell lines
• Grantee: Gustavo Starvaggi França
• Support Opportunities: Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate