Differential gene expression in Trypanosoma cruzi strains by microarrays DNA technology

Author(s)

Cassio da Silva Baptista

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Conjunto das Químicas (IQ e FCF) (CQ/DBDCQ)
• Defense date: 2004-09-10

Examining board members

Bianca Silvana Zingales; Maria Isabel Nogueira Cano; Walter Colli; Aline Maria Da Silva; José Franco da Silveira Filho

• Advisor: Bianca Silvana Zingales

Abstract

To investigate differential gene expression in Trypanosoma cruzi strains by microarray DNA technology, we have constructed a prototype slide that contains 710 expression sequence tags (ESTs) of CL Brener epimastigotes and 20 genes of various parasite strains. The nucleotide sequence was available for 576 ESTs. Therefore, we have sequenced 134 additional ESTs and the sequences have been deposited in dbEST of GenBank. Clustering of these probes indicated that slide contains 665 unique sequences. Initially, we have evaluated the microarray for comparative genomic analysis between CL Brener (T. cruzi II) and Silvio (T. cruzi I) strains. Four independent experiments were performed. We verified that 31 probes (4.3%) showed statistical significant (P≤, 0.01 in t-test) higher hybridization with CL Brener DNA, whereas 37 probes (5.0%) showed the inverse situation. This suggests differences in the abundance of the genes in the genomes of the strains and/or variation in sequence similarity. Some of these probes were confirmed by Southern blot with genomic DNA of both strains. Next, we evaluated the microarray for the analysis of differential gene expression. For this purpose, the slide with hybridized with cDNA obtained from epimastigote forms in mid-log growth phase of CL Brener and Silvio strains. A total of eight hybridization experiments were perfonned with RNA preparations obtained from three independent parasite harvests. We identified 84 probes (841730; 11.5%) that showed statistically significant changes (P≤, 0.01 in t-test) in expression: 35 probes up regulated in Silvio and 49 probes up regulated in CL Brener. Some of these probes were confirmed by Northern blot. When we compared the data of the hybridization of the microarray with genomic DNA and cDNA of CL Brener and Silvio, we verified no correlation between the putative abundance of a particular gene and its expression level. In a few cases, we noticed that sequences with higher hybridization with genomic DNA of one strain were more expressed in the other. In an initial attempt of investigate differential gene expression in human T. cruzi isolates, we selected the strains Famema and Hem 179 (both T. cruz II), obtained, respectively, from an asymptomatic individual and from a patient with severe cardiopathy and digestive disorders. Differential expression of 2.5% (181730) and 9.0% (651730) of the probes was observed, respectively, in epimastigotes and metacyclic trypomastigotes of the two strains. Some of the probes were confirmed by Northern blot. Among the probes more expressed in Hem 179 is the gene encoding subunit 7 of theNADH dehydrogenase (ND7). We concluded that microarrays, containing predominantly ESTs of CL Brener, are a powerful tool for comparative genomics and gene expression analyses in T. cruzi as well as for discovery of new genes. In addition, this study has provided further evidence for a high level of post-transcriptional regulation of RNA abundance in T. cruzi. We have extended the analysis to a larger number of strains and constructed a new set of microarray slides, which contain 710 ESTs of CL Brener epimastigotes, 45 ESTs Tulahuen strain amastigotes and 32 characterized genes of various strains. These probes represent 714 unique sequences. Total RNA was extracted from mid-log phase epimastigotes of three strains isolated from patients with cardiac disorders (115, B13 and 147) and three strains from asymptomatic patients (VL10, Famema and Berenice 62). Five of these strains are from endemic areas of Minas Gerais (except Famema that is from the state of São Paulo). After competitive hybridization with the microarray, statistical analysis of the data indicated differential expression of 14 probes (14/787, 17.7%) between the two groups of strains. Among these sequences, 9 probes are up regulated in all the strains from cardiac patients and 4 probes are down regulated in all these strains as compared with all the strains isolated from asymptomatic individuals. Among the probes up regulated in the strains from cardiac patients there are ESTs encoding subunit 7 of the NADH dehydrogenase (ND7); aspartate aminotransferase, key enzyme in the methionine regeneration process; and T. cruzi tryparedoxin peroxidase, an important enzyme for resistance to exogenous peroxides. Eight ESTs with no similarity matches in databases were also disclosed. Some of these probes were confirmed by Northern blot assays with RNA of all the strains. In some cases, we noticed differences of the molecular size of the transcripts among the strains. In summary, the analysis of differential gene expression in strains isolated from human chagasic patients with the cardiac and indeterminate forms allowed the identification of some potential genes that may be related to pathogenesis and/or may be used as targets for prognosis of the evolution of Chagas disease. Subsequently, we performed a pilot experiment to investigate the transcriptional response of human fibroblasts in culture to the infection by two T. cruzi strains: VL10 (isolated from an asymptomatic patient) and 147 (isolated from a patient with severe cardiomyopathy). After 24 hours of infection, total RNA was extracted from the infected monolayers. In the same period, RNA was extracted from not infected human fibroblasts, and used as a control. Competitive hybridization experiments were performed in microarray slides containing oligonucleotides representing 24,000 human genes, constructed in the Laboratory of Molecular Technology of the National Institute of Cancer of N1H, in Frederick, EUA headed by Dr. David Munroe. We identified 28 probes differentially transcribed in cells infected with 147 strain. Of these, 27 probes (27/28; 96.4%) were down regulated in the infected celIs, and only one probe, corresponding to the heme oxygenase (decycling) 1 gene, showed up regulation. For the fibroblast infected with VL 10 strain, we found 17 probes differentially transcribed. Of these, 16 probes (16/17; 94.1%) were up regulated (among these probes there is the heme oxigenase sequence), and only one probe (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5) showed the inverse situation. We concluded that there are drastic differences in the response of the same cell line to the infection by two parasite stmins. This determines that a temporal analysis of gene expression during the infection process should be performed to corroborate the above observations. The increase of heme oxigenase transcripts in fibroblasts infected by the two strains was comrrmed by real time-PCR This methodology also confirmed down-regulation of the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 5 rnRNA in fibroblasts infected with VL 10 strain. (AU)