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| Author(s): |
Luciene Ferreira Azevedo
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina (FM/SBD) |
| Defense date: | 2011-08-11 |
| Examining board members: |
Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de Matos;
Lourenco Gallo Junior;
Emerson Silami Garcia;
Romeu Sergio Meneghelo;
Valdo José Dias da Silva
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| Advisor: | Luciana Diniz Nagem Janot de Matos |
| Abstract | |
INTRODUCTION: Physical exercise training provokes cardiovascular adaptations and the highest structural cardiac adaptations are observed in elite athletes who perform high intensity training with the objective of increasing their physical performance. Besides, athlete shows decrease on resting heart rate. However, the mechanisms that explain the bradycardia in athletes are still controversial. The level of these adaptations may vary and some factors as the type of sport modality, time and level of physical training can contribute to such different responses. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the influence of sport modalities (cycling, long distane runner and rower) and physical training periodization on cardiac structural and functional, cardiac autonomic and non-autonomic and vascular adaptations in elite athletes at rest, tilt table test and within 24 hours. METHODS: In this prospective longitudinal experimental study, 13 cyclists, 13 runners and 11 rowers, healthy (20 to 36 years old; male), engaged in competitive training were evaluated in 2 periods of training: basic period BP and competitive period -CP. Maximal functional capacity was evaluated by cardiopulmonary test. Cardiac structural adaptations were evaluated by two-dimensional echocardiography with doppler. Intrinsic heart rate was studied by means of double pharmacological blockade (atropine 0.04 mg/kg and esmolol 500 g/kg, iv.). Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded continuously at rest and tilt table test by means of ECG and arterial blood pressure monitor, respectively (500Hz). The heart rate and blood pressure variabilities were analyzed by autoregressive method. Heart rate and blood pressure within 24 hours were recorded using Holter and blood pressure ambulatory monitor, respectivamente. Spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity was calculated using the sequence method. The data were presented as median and interquartile range. RESULTS: Rowers showed higher VO2max than runners at CP (p<0.04). Cyclists and rowers showed higher VO2max at CP compared to BP (p<0.05). Runners presented higher left ventricular diastolic diameters than cyclists (p<0.06) and rowers (p<0.01) at BP. Runners and cyclists presented higher left ventricular diastolic diameters than rowers (p<0.004) at CP. Runners showed higher left ventricular mass index than cyclistas (p<0.04) at BP and cyclists higher than rowers (p<0.03) at CP. Cyclists were the only athletes who had a reversal of cardiac remodeling at BP (p<0.04). At rest, runners showed lower heart rate than cyclists at CP cyclists = 50(45/55), runners = 44(43/47), rowers = 44(43/53)bpm, p<0.03]. Runners and rowers showed higher vagal effect [cyclists = 41(36/46), runners = 55(48/59), rowers = 50(42/66)bpm, p=0.03] and higher intrinsic heart rate cyclists = 84(82/87), runners = 92(87/94), rowers = 96(85/101)bpm, p=0,03] than cyclists at CP. Rowers had higher intrinsic herat rate than cyclists at BP cyclists = 88(86/92), runners = 91(82/99), rowers = 95(90/101)bpm, p=0.03]. CP compared with BP decreased the vagal effect 41(36/46) vs. 48(43/51)bpm, p<0.05] and intrinsic heart rate 84(82/87) vs. 88(86/92), p<0.05] of cyclists. At tilt table test, runners showed smaller increase in heart rate than cyclists at BP cyclists = 64(49/73), runners = 46(43/55), rowers = 53(42/77)%, p<0.05]. Neither the sport modality or the training period influenced the indices of heart rate variability at rest and tilt test. The sport modality and the training period influenced the blood pressure and its variability at rest and tilt test. Rowers showed lower spontaneous baroreflex sensitivity than runners at CP (p=0.03). Both the sport modality and the training period influenced the heart rate response in 24 hours, its variability and blood pressure response in 24 hours. CONCLUSION: Both Sport modality and physical training period influenced the cardiac structural, intrinsic and autonomic adaptations as well the vascular adaptations. However, the sport modality seems to influence more significantly these adaptations (AU) | |
| FAPESP's process: | 09/08912-3 - Cardiovascular and autonomic adaptations in elite athletes: the influence of different sports and training season |
| Grantee: | Luciene Ferreira Azevedo |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate |