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| Author(s): |
Suzana Caetano da Silva Lannes
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Conjunto das Químicas (IQ e FCF) (CQ/DBDCQ) |
| Defense date: | 1997-09-25 |
| Examining board members: |
Luiz Antonio Gioielli;
José Alfredo Gomes Arêas;
Heloísa Máscia Cecchi;
Jorge Mancini Filho;
Ronaldo Nogueira de Moraes Pitombo
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| Advisor: | Luiz Antonio Gioielli |
| Abstract | |
Theobroma cacao is the scientific name of the cocoa, suggested in the XVIII century by Linné. However, the history of the chocolate begins before Aztecs and Mayans Mesoamerican civilizations, and the new mentioned Olmecs, among other groups. The Olmecs, a culture existing some three millennia ago, were possibly the first ones to use the chocolate. In some forms, the Aztecs used the chocolate to represent blood, a symbol visually potent, and uniformly used as currency among Mesoamerican cultures. From XVI century, the Spanishies diffused the chocolate other \"tchocolath\" to the rest of the World, adding honey or sugar to the spicy drink. Nowadays, chocolate is an extremely consumed product and whose properties are still being discovered. Physicochemical properties and rheological studies of the couverture chocolate available at the Brazilian market were analysed. Instrumental study of texture characteristics is a principal requiriment for evaluating manufacturing process and raw materiais used. The cocoa butter percentage and replacement fats are of special importance. The addition of paraffin also was eva I uated , as well as the compatibility of the mixtures among couvertures with cocoa butter and couvertures with replacement fats. The fats of the couvertures were identified by the fatty acids composition method: lauric fat (Harald white and milk couvertures); non lauric fat (GDTL9 and GDT -BL couvertures); mixture lauriclnon lauric fats (Evelyn white couvertures and MDT-L couverture); cocoa butter (Vitória white and milk couvertures; Garoto white, milk and bitter couvertures; Lacta milk couverture and Dan Top white couverture). Temary (POP-POS-SOS) and C50xC54 diagrams provided informations about the types of the fat used in the couvertures. formulation. Iso-hardness diagram showed the eutectic formation at the couverture mixtures (Garoto and Harald milk couvertures), mainly in the proportion 50:50. Results of the texture evaluation showed large variability of ali parameters, providing a behaviour profile of the couvertures. Manual tempering modified the hardness at different temperatures. There was difference among with and without paraffin manual tempering. Brookfield-L V viscosimeter and the computer program provided satisfactory results to the chocolate analyses, being a practical and low cost method. Viscosity didn\'t vary linearly with fat content. The cooling curve may be used as a identification method of the fat type used in the chocolate products. (AU) | |