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| Author(s): |
João Wosniak Junior
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina (FM/SBD) |
| Defense date: | 2008-04-17 |
| Examining board members: |
Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo;
Ana Campa;
Maria Claudia Costa Irigoyen;
Alicia Juliana Kowaltowski;
Helena Coutinho Franco de Oliveira
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| Advisor: | Francisco Rafael Martins Laurindo |
| Abstract | |
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage induces dysfunction of this organelle, contributing to the genesis of aging and to the pathophysiology of diseases such as atherosclerosis and diabetes. Mitochondria are the main quantitative source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells, while NAD(P)H oxidase complex is a major source of cell signaling-associated ROS. The possible crosstalk between these two relevant sources of ROS is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in activity and/or expression of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) NAD(P)H oxidase in response to minor perturbations of mitochondrial function similar to those expected to occur in chronic degenerative vascular diseases. Initially, we validated an in vitro model of mitochondrial dysfunction in VSMC, through incubation with ethidium bromide (24 - 72 h). Minimal mtDNA damage after EtBr was shown by distinct amplification patterns (at PCR) of D-loop repetitive region and by ~ 15% oxygen consumption decrease vs. basal (p<0.05). Such mtDNA damage was not sufficient to induce morphologic changes or apoptosis, whereas serum-stimulated increase in cell number was prevented by 25-30%. Under those conditions, baseline superoxide production, as well as levels of glutathione or nitrogen oxides or superoxide dismutase activity were unchanged. Baseline hydrogen peroxide production increased ~15%. VSMC membrane fraction NADPH oxidase activity was increased by 30-45% after mitochondrial dysfunction. However, oxidase activation due to AII (100 nM, 4h) was markedly abrogated, indicating that A-II-driven oxidase activation requires integrity of mitochondrial function. Accordingly, there were increases in baseline mRNA expression of Nox4 oxidase isoform, while the expected increase in Nox1 by AII was minimized. On the other hand, the NADPH oxidase activity induced by the endoplasmic reticulum stressor tunicamycin (Nox4 inducer) after mitochondrial dysfunction was abrogated, however simultaneously with increased Nox4 mRNA, thus indicating that the observed functional alterations in the oxidase complex in these conditions cannot be associated only to mRNA expression changes. After VSMC EtBr incubation for 72 h, similar dissociation between expression and activity was observed, with increase in Nox 1 and Nox4 mRNA by AII, without parallel increase in membrane fraction oxidase activity. Although there was little change in ER stress markers after 24h EtBr, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), a redox chaperone recently described by us as a novel NAD(P)H oxidase regulator, exhibited a reversal of its subcellular traffic pattern. After 72 h EtBr, the expression of ER markers was strongly decreased and normal PDI traffic was restored. Confocal microscopy suggested possible co-localization between Nox1 and mitochondria. These results suggest a functionally relevant crosstalk between mitochondria and NADPH oxidase complex associated at least to changes in expression and/or subcellular traffic of catalytic or regulatory subunits of this complex. (AU) | |