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| Author(s): |
Nátali Castro Antunes Caprini Oliveira
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Ribeirão Preto. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (PCARP/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2018-11-21 |
| Examining board members: |
Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares;
Ana Paula de Carvalho Panzeri Carlotti;
Cláudia Maria Gaspardo;
Maria de Fatima Junqueira Marinho
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| Advisor: | Maria Beatriz Martins Linhares |
| Abstract | |
The present cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate acute pain intensity and distress behavior in children aged one to seven years hospitalized in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU), and to compare groups differentiated by: type of disease (acute vs. chronic), type of treatment (surgical vs. clinical), developmental phase (1-3 years vs. 4-7 years), and gender (boys vs. girls). The secondary objective of the study was to compare two pain and distress assessments performed during painful procedures on different days to verify the behavioral reactivity of the children during the hospitalization. The study sample consisted of 44 children (59% boys) aged between one and seven years (mean = 38 months ± 23), who were hospitalized at the PICU of the Hospital of Clinics, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo. The reasons for hospitalization were post-surgical (n = 30; 68%) or clinical treatment (n = 12; 32%), with a prevalence of patients with chronic diseases (n = 25; 57%). Two evaluations of acute pain and behavioral distress (Assessment 1 and Assessment 2) were performed during painful procedure involving needle insertion (type of puncture for blood collection). The Face, Legs, Activity, Cry and Consolability (FLACC) scale was used to evaluate the acute pain intensity indicator and the Observational Scale of Behavioral Distress (OBSD) was used to evaluate the behavioral distress indicator. The behavior of the children was video recorded during the procedures, including the Baseline, Procedural, and Recovery phases for later scoring of the pain and distress scales. The Neonatal Infant Stressor Scale (NISS) was used to obtain the indicators of the history of the pain and stress events of the context, analyzing the medical records. In the treatment of the data, descriptive statistical data analyzes, within groups comparison (Wilcoxon and McNemar tests), repeated measures ANOVA, comparison between groups (Mann-Whitney test) and correlation analysis between two numerical variables (Pearson\'s test) and association of variables for two categorical variables (Chisquare test) were performed. Data were analyzed using SPSS (version 25.0, Chicago, Il, USA). The significance level of 5% (p <= 0.05) was adopted in all study tests. The results showed that the children hospitalized in the intensive care unit faced an average of 17 stressors per day and 47 painful events during hospitalization until the day they were evaluated. The children presented pain intensity classified as moderate in both evaluations (mean = 5 ± 2,7, in Assessment 1, and mean = 6 ± 2,7, in Assessment 2 in the Procedural phase). There was a statistical significant increase in pain from the first to the second painful procedure in the Procedural phase (p = 0.03). It was observed in the Assessment 2 that the boys presented greater reactivity to the pain in the Recovery phase of the procedure (p =0.02), compared to the girls. Regarding the behavioral distress of the children, there was also a greater sensitization of the children for distress in the second assessment compared to the first, especially in the Baseline (mean = 3 ± 2,9, in Assessment 1, and mean = 5 ± 3,6, in Assessment 2, p <0.001). In the Assessment 1, children who had acute diseases compared to children with chronic diseases showed greater reactivity to pain and distress in the Procedural phase (p = 0.02, in the pain assessment, and p = 0.03, in the distress assessment), and Recovery phase (p = 0.04, in pain and distress assessments). In the assessment 2, children who underwent surgeries presented greater reactivity to pain and distress in the Baseline (p = 0.02, in the pain assessment, and p <0.001, in the distress assessment) and in the Procedural phase (p = 0.01, in the pain assessment, and p <0.001 in the distress assessment), compared to the children who received clinical treatment. Additionally, a significant association was found between the indicators of pain and behavioral distress experienced by children; the higher the pain intensity during the needle insertion procedure, the higher the distress reactions presented by the children (r = 0.84, p <0.001, in Assessment 1, and r = 0.84, p <0.001, in Assessment 2). No statistically significant differences were found between the age groups of the children. In conclusion, children presented high levels of exposure to stressors in the context of intensive care and moderate levels of pain intensity and behavioral distress. The reactivity to pain was more intense in surgical patients and with acute diseases. There was a high association between reactivity to pain and distress behaviors, both of which intensify during the treatment of the children. Non-pharmacological management of acute pain should be implemented as a preventive and pain relief measure. (AU) | |
| FAPESP's process: | 15/16977-9 - Pain and distress in inpatient children in a pediatric intensive care unit |
| Grantee: | Nátali Castro Antunes Caprini Oliveira |
| Support Opportunities: | Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate |