Full text
| |
| Author(s): |
Rodrigo Alejandro Abarza Muñoz
Total Authors: 1
|
| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | São Paulo. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Conjunto das Químicas (IQ e FCF) (CQ/DBDCQ) |
| Defense date: | 2006-03-15 |
| Examining board members: |
Lucio Angnes;
Reinaldo Camino Bazito;
Renato Camargo Matos;
Joaquim de Araujo Nobrega;
Pedro Vitoriano de Oliveira
|
| Advisor: | Lucio Angnes |
| Abstract | |
In this work eletroanalytical methodologies (potentiometric stripping analysis and anodic stripping voltammetry) for the determination of metals (mercury, copper, lead, and zinc) in crude oil, lubricating oil, diesel fuel, and ethanol fuel are proposed. A capillary electrophoresis method for ethanol fuel was developed to determine cations (sodium, potassium, and calcium) and anions (chloride, sulphate, and nitrate). Microwave digestion methods using different ovens (a focused microwave oven operating at atmospheric pressure, and a cavity microwave oven, which employs pressurized vessels) for crude oil, lubricating oil, and diesel fuel are described. The determination of copper and mercury by potentiometric stripping analysis presents better detection limits than stripping voltammetric determinations for the digested sample analysis. Loss of mercury by volatilization was verified when samples were digested in the focused microwave oven. Otherwise, this oven presented some advantages for the other metals, as the improved detection limits due to the employment of higher sample mass for the digestion process. The use of a ultrasonic bath to promote the extraction of copper and lead from lubricating oils in the presence of 1:1 (v/v) HClconc and H2O2 (30% m/v) was efficient. Thirty minutes of ultrasonic exposure were necessary for quantitative exctraction of copper and lead. Anodic stripping voltammetry using gold CDtrodes was applied for metal determination in the extracted solutions. The detection limits of the proposed method for copper and lead were 23 and 67 ng g-1, respectively, under application of 120 seconds as deposition time. Anodic stripping voltammetry at a gold electrode was used for the determination of copper and lead in ethanol fuel, without any prior sample treatment. Detection limits of 120 and 235 ng L-1 for copper and lead, respectively, were attained applying 900 s as deposition time. Alternatively, the ethanol evaporation followed by re-suspension in deionised water allowed the metals determination by stripping analysis. All results obtained for sample decomposition methods were compared with the ones obtained by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determinations. The method, which employs prior ethanol evaporation followed by re-suspension in deionised water, was applied for the determination of cations and anions by capillary electrophoresis in the hydrated ethanol fuel (automotive fuel). Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, NO3-, and SO42- ions were found in the analyzed samples. The detection limits for these ions were situated between 0.06 and 0.18 mg L-1. (AU) | |