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| Author(s): |
Rodrigo dos Santos Machado Feitosa
Total Authors: 1
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| Document type: | Doctoral Thesis |
| Press: | Ribeirão Preto. |
| Institution: | Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (PCARP/BC) |
| Defense date: | 2011-12-20 |
| Examining board members: |
Carlos Roberto Ferreira Brandao;
Eduardo Andrade Botelho de Almeida;
Angelica Maria Penteado Martins Dias;
Fernando Barbosa Noll;
Antonio José Mayhé Nunes
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| Advisor: | Carlos Roberto Ferreira Brandao |
| Abstract | |
Heteroponerinae Bolton (2003) comprises three ant genera: Acanthoponera Mayr, Aulacopone Arnol\'di and Heteroponera Mayr. Acanthoponera is exclusively Neotropical, while Heteroponera shows a disjunct distribution in the Americas and Australia. The position of Aulacopone within the subfamily is uncertain as it is known by a single species represented by two gynes collected around the 1930s in two localities in Southeast Asia (Azerbaijan). This study represents the first comprehensive taxonomic revision of Heteroponerinae at specific level and the first attempt to analyze the internal phylogenetic relationships of the subfamily based on the external morphology of all heteroponerine taxa. The study of the species used in the phylogenetic analysis resulted in a matrix with 101 characters, of which 50 are used for the first time in a cladistic analysis involving ants. The phylogenetic analysis demonstrates the monophyly of Heteroponerinae with at least four synapomorphies supporting this hypothesis. The genera Acanthoponera and Heteroponera are also monophyletic in all topologies found here. The internal relationships indicate a basal position of the paleartic genus Aulacopone, which appears as sister group to the clade Acanthoponera + Heteroponera. Due to the lack of characters to provide robust support to the inclusion of Aulacopone within Heteroponerinae, this genus is considered as incertae sedis in the subfamily. The relative low resolution of the internal relationships in Acanthoponera and in the apical branches of Heteroponera does not prevent the recognition of evolutionarily independent lineages. The presence of these lineages in at least two biogeographic regions and the phylogenetic proximity found between Neotropical and Australian groups reveal an interesting biogeographic scenario to be investigated. After examining 33 out of the 36 type specimens designated for the species and subspecies of Heteroponerinae, six species are recognized in the genus Acanthoponera, two of which are here described as new. Heteroponera comprises 21 species, of which six are described as new; seven are restricted to the Australian Region (three newly described) and 14 are exclusively Neotropical (also three newly described). Heteroponera flava Kempf is synonymized under H. panamensis (Forel) and H. georgesi Perrault becomes a junior synonym of H. microps Borgmeier. Individuals yet not registered of castes and sexes (including males, gynes and workers) are here described for the first time for different species of Heteroponerinae. New records greatly expand the known distribution for most species. Field observations allied to label data from museum specimens provide important additional information about the natural history of the group. Larvae of Heteroponerinae are predominantly predators, and workers are occasionally observed feeding on plant exudates. Nests can support colonies with a some dozens to a few hundred of individuals. Heteroponera can nest in soil and vegetation, but preferably forage in the soil, while Acanthoponera is exclusively arboreal. With respect to the reproductive strategy, some species of Heteroponera may present ergatoid gynes sharing the reproductive function with dealate gynes, while in other species the winged gynes were completely replaced by ergatoids. As a next step to understand the evolutionary history of this group it is suggested an analysis of the internal relations within the heteroponerine genera using molecular tools and a study on the subfamily biogeographic patterns. (AU) | |