Estratégias para melhorar o processamento de grãos e o desempenho de vacas leiteiras em silagem de planta inteira de milho oriunda de híbrido de endosperma vítreo

Gustavo Gonçalves de Souza Salvati

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Author(s):	Gustavo Gonçalves de Souza Salvati Total Authors: 1
Document type:	Doctoral Thesis
Press:	Piracicaba.
Institution:	Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz (ESALA/BC)
Defense date:	2019-04-26
Examining board members:	Luiz Gustavo Nussio; João Luiz Pratti Daniel; Luiz Felipe Ferraretto; Marcos Neves Pereira
Advisor:	Luiz Gustavo Nussio
Abstract
Whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) is a major source of forage for lactating dairy cattle in Brazil. Improved kernel processing may be especially advantageous when feeding corn hybrids with vitreous endosperm, which are more difficult to be broken. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of theoretical length of cut (TLOC) and ensiling time on whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) particle size and kernel processing with two types of forage harvesters. The same vitreous corn hybrid DKB 177 VT PRO 2 was used in both experiments. In the first experiment, the whole-plant corn was harvested by a pull-type forage harvester (PTFH) at TLOC of 3, 6 and 9-mm. In the second experiment, the harvesting was performed by a self-propelled forage harvester (SPFH) at the following TLOC settings: 6, 12 and 18-mm with a roll gap of 3-mm. The WPCS were stored for 0, 35 and 140 d. Vitreousness, measured by dissection in unfermented kernels, averaged 65.6%. Data from both trials were analyzed as a split-plot design using the procedure MIXED of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The model included the fixed effects of TLOC, ensiling time and the interaction TLOC × ensiling time. In PTFH, the TLOC of 3 and 6-mm did not differ WPCS particle size distribution and mean particle length (MPL). However, the TLOC of 9-mm increased particles above the top 2 sieves and, as a consequence, the MPL. The rise of TLOC in SPFH led to a higher MPL and percentage of long particles (< 19-mm). The ensiling time increased MPL and long particles only for WPCS harvested by SPFH. The strategy of reducing TLOC in SPFH increased the percentage of kernels smaller than 4.75-mm. Furthermore, The TLOC of 6-mm led to the best kernel processing for SPFH. The ensiling time reduced the particle size of kernel fraction for both forage harvesters. The corn silage processing score only improved with 140 d of ensiling for SPFH samples. In the third experiment the objective was to evaluate the impact of two types of forage harvesters and two TLOC settings on the physical characteristics of WPCS. A vitreous corn silage hybrid (BM 709, Sementes Biomatrix) was cultivated and harvested when whole-corn plant DM achieved 34.8%. The whole-plant was harvested with a conventional pull-type forage harvester (PTFH) without kernel processor (KP) at 6 and 10 of theoretical lengths of cut (TLOC) or by a new PTFH with KP at same TLOC settings. Whole-plant corn silage (WPCS) samples were stored for 35 d. Vitreousness, measured by dissection in unfermented kernels, averaged 62.4%. Data were analyzed as completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement: 2 harvesters × 2 TLOC using the procedure MIXED of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). The model included the fixed effects of harvester, TLOC and the interaction harvester × TLOC. The major differences occurred only in TLOC of 10-mm. KP reduced the material above the 19-mm sieve from 4.7 to 1.8% which, in turn, increased the percentage of particles below 8-mm sieve while MPL was decreased. This TLOC displayed the highest value of material retained in the 8-mm and the lowest values in the 4-mm sieve for unprocessed WPCS. Kernel processing and short TLOC led to a rise in particles retained in a 4-mm sieve. KP increased the percentage of kernels smaller than 4.75-mm from 56.4 to 80.0% and the starch content below 8-mm sieve. The short TLOC and kernel processing, together, led to a reduction of kernel geometrical mean particle size (GMPS) followed by an increase of surface area. The new PTFH with KP promoted more extensive and effective kernel breakage. The impact of this harvester in WPCS particle size distribution was pronounced in the TLOC of 10-mm which led to a drop in MPL. The reduction of TLOC for both forage harvesters may be a good strategy to fracture corn kernels for WPCS at 34.8% of DM. In the fourth experiment, the objectives of this study were: 1) to evaluate the effect of kernel processing on a Brazilian vitreous endosperm corn hybrid and 2) the increment of particle size in WPCS on intake, lactation performance, total-tract nutrient digestibility, feeding behavior and milk fatty acids profile. The following treatments were performed during the harvest: 1) pull-type forage harvester (without kernel processor, JF AT 1600) set for a 6-mm theoretical length of cut (TLOC) - PT6; 2) self-propelled forage harvester (New Holland, FR 9050) set for a 6-mm TLOC - SP6; 3) self-propelled forage harvester set for a 12-mm TLOC - SP12; and 4) self-propelled forage harvester set for a 18- mm TLOC - SP18. The WPCS of treatments were storaged for 9 months. The CSPS of the WPCS were: 32.1% (PT6), 53.9% (SP6), 49.0% (SP12) and 40.1% (SP18). Holstein cows (n = 24; 139 ± 63 DIM) were blocked and assigned to six 4 × 4 Latin squares, with 24-d period (18 d of adaptation). Diets were formulated to contain (% DM) 48.5% WPCS, 9.5% soybean meal, 6.9% soybean meal non- enzymatic browned, 15.1% dry ground corn, 15.5% citrus pulp, 1.7% minerals and vitamins mix, 1.8% calcium soap of palm fatty acids, and 1% urea. Nutrient composition of the diets (% DM) was: 16.5% CP, 28.9% NDF and 25.4% starch. Three orthogonal contrasts were used to compare treatments: C1 = PT6 vs. SP6 (effect of kernel processing), C2 = SP6 vs. SP12 (effect of particle size) and C3 = SP12 vs. SP18 (effect of particle size). Cows fed SP6 WPCS had greater 1.2 kg/d milk yield with no changes in DMI, resulting in greater feed efficiency when compared with PT6. The total-tract starch digestibility (TTSD) and plasma glucose was also improved when cows were fed SP6. Moreover, the higher milk protein (+ 36 g/d), lactose (+ 61 g/d) and solids (+ 94 g/d) secretions were a result of the improvement in milk yield for SP6. In addition, the mechanism apparently involved a better nutrient digestibility and glucose availability for the synthesis of lactose by the mammary gland. There was no evidence for differences in DMI (kg/d) among self-propelled treatments. The SP12 cows achieved the same milk yield of SP6; however they tended to reduce plasma D-lactate and serum amiloyd A (SAA) while maximizing chewing time and selecting for fine particles. In SP6, cows selected against fine particles and tended to show higher levels of SAA than PT6. The SP18 reduced TTSD and tended to reduce milk production, and plasma glucose. The SP6 raised milk linear-odd chain fatty acids content in comparison with PT6. Nonetheless, a reduction of these same fatty acids occurred in SP12 in relation to SP6. SP6 cows had higher content of some monounsaturated fatty acids (C14:1 and C16:1), however the opposite occurred for SP12. Kernel processing at TLOC settings of 6 and 12-mm enhanced nutrient digestibility, plasma glucose and milk yield, whereas the 18-mm TLOC impaired lactation performance and TTSD. The TLOC of 12-mm improved chewing time and reduced blood sub- acute acidotic markers. The findings of this set of studies suggest that ensiling time and low TLOC in SPFH (6-mm) may be strategies to increase kernel damage and thus starch digestibility in WPCS. Despite 6-mm TLOC has improved kernel processing, the TLOC of 12-mm appeared to be the best setting to harvest whole-corn plant to feed dairy cows. (AU)

FAPESP's process:	16/16702-2 - Impact of kernel processing and particle size in whole plant corn silage on the performance of dairy cows
Grantee:	Gustavo Gonçalves de Souza Salvati
Support Opportunities:	Scholarships in Brazil - Doctorate

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