Tsc1 and Tsc2 gene products in neurodegenerative processes

Author(s)

Deborah Azzi Nogueira

• Document type: Doctoral Thesis
• Press: São Paulo.
• Institution: Universidade de São Paulo (USP). Instituto de Biociências (IBIOC/SB)
• Defense date: 2016-08-04

Examining board members

Luciana Amaral Haddad; Merari de Fatima Ramires Ferrari; William Tadeu Lara Festuccia; Alexandre Hiroaki Kihara; Rosana de Lima Pagano

• Advisor: Luciana Amaral Haddad; Luiz Roberto Giorgetti de Britto

Abstract

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a genetic disorder that can affect any specific organs. In general, lesions are caused by biallelic inactivation of the tumor suppressor genes Tuberous Sclerosis Complex 1 (TSC1) or 2 (TSC2). On the other hand, in cortical and subcortical brain regions, lesions associated with neuronal migration and arborization failures can be explained by TSC1 or TSC2 haploinsufficiency. Brain cortical lesions commonly cause refractory epilepsy, which, in turn, may be associated with intellectual disabilities and behavioral disorders. These medical conditions may be present in TSC patients without detectable anatomic lesion on magnetic resonance images. TSC1 and TSC2 genes encode hamartin and tuberin, also known as TSC1 and TSC2, respectively. They act together in a cytosolic molecular complex that inactivates small GTPase Rheb, which is a mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) activator, regulating diverse cellular processes such as proliferation, differentiation, growth, migration and metabolism. With the hypothesis that the amount of TSC1 or TSC2 in the neuron can change its function depending on the metabolic state, the overall objective of this study was to characterize TSC1 and TSC2 expression patterns and activity in two mice models of induced neurodegeneration; and check whether TSC1 reduction changes dopaminergic neurons damage extent in a hemiparkinsonins model. For the first model, five brain structures from mice fed with high fat diet showed alterations in Tsc1 and/or Tsc2 mRNA, or oxidative stress signals. Reduction of Tsc1 and Tsc2 transcripts in the cerebral cortex was dependent on fasting performed immediately prior to euthanasiaThere was evidence of oxidative stress in the cingulate cortex. Increase in mRNA was observed in the hippocampus (Tsc1 and Tsc2) and striatum and hypothalamus (Tsc1), although independent of the fasting, suggesting that this effect is related to the high fat diet. In hemiparkinsonism model, adult mice subjected to intracerebral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine had decreased levels of S6 in the brain treated side compared to the contralateral segment (p = 0.004, r = 0.8795; Pearson test, CI: 95 %), without alterations in TSC1 nor TSC2. Using imunoperoxidase analysis, we described TSC1 expression in the striatum, entopeduncular and arcuate nuclei, and TSC2 in the thalamus and hypothalamus, independently from the 6-OHDA lesion. To obtain a mouse model without TSC1 postnatal expression in different brain regions, independently of the cell type, we performed crosses between transgenic mouse strain in which the Tsc1 gene contains lox sequences in introns 16 and 18 and strain with Tsc1 wild-type (WT) and the transgene for expression of Cre recombinase fused to the binding domain of the human estrogen receptor (ESR1) ligand, controlled by ubiquitin C (UBC) promoter expression. In F1, we obtained mice carrying the transgene UBC-CreESR1 and heterozygous for Tsc1 (Tsc1WT/flox). In F2, among animals homozygous Tsc1Flox/Flox (N=153) generated by backcrossing, none was carrying the transgene (Nexpected = 85; Nobserved = 0; X2= 348.185, p <0.0001) It is possible that the genomic segment containing the lentiviral vector insertion bearing UBC-CreESR1 transgene is linked to the TSC1 region on mouse chromosome 2, and they segregate together. Treatment with 4-hydroxytamoxifen in animals heterozygous and positive for the transgene showed increased TSC1 in the striatum (p <0.05), while there was no change in the cerebellum. It is possible that transcriptional or translational functional striatum mechanisms favored TSC1 increasing, in a 4-hydroxytamoxifen-dependent manner (AU)